تنوع الأساليب التوجيهية في خطاب النبي محمد صلى الله عليه و سلم: دراسة تحليلية في ضوء المنهجية اللغوية الاجتماعية الحديثة, = Variation in instructive styles in Prophet Muhammad’s discourses: an analytical study in light of modern socio-linguistics = Perbezaan dalam gaya instruktif dalam wacana Nabi Muhammad (s.a.w.): satu kajian analisis dalam konteks sosio-linguistik moden
اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻣﺼﺪر ﺛﺮي وﺣﺎﻓﻞ ، ﲟﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ اﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم وﻣﻌﺎرف وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ّ ﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻣﺼﺪر ﺛﺮي وﺣﺎﻓﻞ ، ﲟﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ اﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم وﻣﻌﺎرف وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ّ وﳝﺜﻞ ﺟﺰءا أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ً ﻣﻦ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﺒﻮي اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺛﺎن ﻟﻠﺘ ﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ اﻹﺳﻼم ﺑﻌﺪ ّ اﻟﻘﺮآن .وﻗﺪ روي اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ وﻣﻌﲎ وﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﺠﻼ ّ ّ ﻛﺒﲑا ّ ً ً ّ ودﻳﻮاﻧﺎ ً ً...
| Summary: | اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻣﺼﺪر ﺛﺮي وﺣﺎﻓﻞ ، ﲟﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ اﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم وﻣﻌﺎرف وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ّ ﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﻣﺼﺪر ﺛﺮي وﺣﺎﻓﻞ ، ﲟﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ اﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم وﻣﻌﺎرف وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت ّ وﳝﺜﻞ ﺟﺰءا أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ً ﻣﻦ اﳊﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﺒﻮي اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺛﺎن ﻟﻠﺘ ﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ اﻹﺳﻼم ﺑﻌﺪ ّ اﻟﻘﺮآن .وﻗﺪ روي اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ وﻣﻌﲎ وﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﺠﻼ ّ ّ ﻛﺒﲑا ّ ً ً ّ ودﻳﻮاﻧﺎ ً ً ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﻮي . وﳝﻜﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳊﻴﺎة ّ ً اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ واﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي .ﻓﻠﺬا، ﳛﺎول ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ رﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع ﰲ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ، ّ وﺗﺒﲔ وﺟﻮﻩ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎق واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاردة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﰲ ﺗﺄدﻳﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ أﺛﻨﺎء وﻗﻮع اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ .واﻟﺮﺳﻮل دورﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﱄ واﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻐﻲ، ﻛﺎن دون ﺷﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﳐﺰون اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ أﻧﻪ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻼم وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻷداء اﻟﻠﻐﻮي .وﻣﻦ مواصفات كلامه (صلعم) أنه ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻰ اﳊﺎل، فكان (صلعم) ﺣﺮﻳﺼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﳜﺎﻃﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮم، ﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻓﻜﺎن ً ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ، وأن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻟﻔﺎﻇﻪ وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﳌﻘﺎم اﳋﻄﺎب .وﻳﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ّ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أداء وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ وﻫﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﺮاد ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ .وﰲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ، ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺣﺪاث ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ .وﻳﺴﺘﻨﲑ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﺎﱂ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ دﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﳝﺲ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﳌﻘﺎم اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻲ اﻟﱵ ﳋﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ اﳊﺮوف اﻷواﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤ ﺎت ّ ّ اﳌﻌﱪة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ( ، وﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎرا ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ SPEAKING) ً اﻟﻨﺼﻮص، واﺳﺘﺠﻼء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻼم، وﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﳌﻘﺎم واﳌﻮازﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ. اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ :اﳋﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺒﻮي، اﳊﺪث اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻲ، اﳌﻘﺎم، أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﳋﻄﺎب
Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) discourses are a rich source and
mine of knowledge and edifying instruction, and are an important part of the
Prophetic Traditions which constitute the second source of Islamic teachings
next to the Qur’an. The Prophetic discourses have been recorded and
transmitted with a very degree of preciseness in both letter and content. Thus
they provide a great record and comprehensive register of social life during the
Prophetic era. In view of this, the present article aims at discovering the
elements and aspects of that social life by identifying and examining the
linguistic forms and speech modes employed in the Prophetic discourses and
discerning their relationships with the socio-cultural context prevailing during
the occurrence of the Prophet’s speech acts. No doubt, in carrying out his
prophetic mission to convey God’s message to people, the Prophet (peace be
upon him) made use of all that was available to him in terms of the Arabic
language’s stock of speech styles, modes of expression and ways of linguistic
performance. It is a characteristic feature of his discourses that his speech
would be commensurate with the requirements of the actual situation. Thus, he
was always keen to address each group of people, indeed each individual,
according to their level and standing and to make his speech relevant to the
situation. Therefore, the article focuses on the styles of speech in the Prophetic
discourses meant for edifying people and directing them to perform certain
actions. This task has been done by analyzing three speech acts of the Prophet
recorded in ØaÍÊÍ Muslim, in which exercise the author has had recourse to
American linguist Dell Hymes’ model of determining the components of a
speech act or speech event which he summarized in the expression
SPEAKING whereby each letter conforms to first letter of the name of each of
those eight components taken as criteria for discovering and assessing the
relationship between speech modes and the context. |
|---|