Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration

The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has a similar characteristic to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study...

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Main Authors:	Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah, Rohman, Abdul, Ismail, Amin, Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna, Rosman, Arieff Salleh, Khatib, Alfi, Mohd Hassan, Norazian, Othman, Rashidi
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Science Education Technology (SET) Publisher 2019
Subjects:	RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes
Online Access:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/1/71434_Chemometrics%20Analysis%20Combined.pdf

id	iium-71434
recordtype	eprints
spelling	iium-714342019-07-12T03:47:58Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has a similar characteristic to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study used NMR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of butter from lard. The presence of lard as an adulterant in butter has been analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with the aid of chemometric of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA). PC1 described 82% of the variation while PC2 accounted for 15% of the variation resulted in a model that described 80% of the total variance in the data. With 82% of the peak variation along the first PC, it was clear that all seventeen samples of butter in the market and pure lard sample were formed according to their own group and showed two well-defined and well-separated group. DA model classified 100% of all samples accurately according to its group (butter and butter adulterated with animal fats), meaning that no samples were misclassified into the wrong group. Lard was successfully determined at 2.63 ppm. In this study, NMR and PCA analysis have successfully discriminated between the market sample and lard and the results established that there is no lard being adulterated in all commercial butter samples. This could be a potential identification approach to determine if the product has been deceived in the market. Science Education Technology (SET) Publisher 2019-03 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/1/71434_Chemometrics%20Analysis%20Combined.pdf Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah and Rohman, Abdul and Ismail, Amin and Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna and Rosman, Arieff Salleh and Khatib, Alfi and Mohd Hassan, Norazian and Othman, Rashidi (2019) Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 9 (2). pp. 87-94. ISSN 2223-3806 E-ISSN 1927-5951 http://setpublisher.com/downloads/jpansv9n2a5/ https://doi.org/120.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.02.5
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	International Islamic University Malaysia
building	IIUM Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English
topic	RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes
spellingShingle	RS Pharmacy and materia medica TP248.13 Biotechnology TP670 Oils, fats, waxes Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
description	The adulteration of butter has become a major problem in food industries. Butter has a similar characteristic to lard which makes lard a desirable adulterant in butter due to economic advantages. Therefore, the method of detection to analyse the adulteration practice must be developed. This study used NMR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of butter from lard. The presence of lard as an adulterant in butter has been analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with the aid of chemometric of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA). PC1 described 82% of the variation while PC2 accounted for 15% of the variation resulted in a model that described 80% of the total variance in the data. With 82% of the peak variation along the first PC, it was clear that all seventeen samples of butter in the market and pure lard sample were formed according to their own group and showed two well-defined and well-separated group. DA model classified 100% of all samples accurately according to its group (butter and butter adulterated with animal fats), meaning that no samples were misclassified into the wrong group. Lard was successfully determined at 2.63 ppm. In this study, NMR and PCA analysis have successfully discriminated between the market sample and lard and the results established that there is no lard being adulterated in all commercial butter samples. This could be a potential identification approach to determine if the product has been deceived in the market.
format	Article
author	Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi
author_facet	Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah Rohman, Abdul Ismail, Amin Abdul Manaf, Yanty Noorzianna Rosman, Arieff Salleh Khatib, Alfi Mohd Hassan, Norazian Othman, Rashidi
author_sort	Ahmad Fadzlillah, Nurrulhidayah
title	Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
title_short	Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
title_full	Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
title_fullStr	Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
title_full_unstemmed	Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
title_sort	chemometrics analysis combined with gc-ms and nmr spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration
publisher	Science Education Technology (SET) Publisher
publishDate	2019
url	http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/ http://irep.iium.edu.my/71434/1/71434_Chemometrics%20Analysis%20Combined.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T21:41:17Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T21:41:17Z
_version_	1777413157488164864

Chemometrics analysis combined with GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy analysis of fatty acids as a means of discriminating butterfat adulteration

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