What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship
Despite rapid economic growth, gender disparities in women's economic participation have remained deep and persistent in India. What explains these huge gender disparities? Is it poor infrastructure, limited education, and gender composition o...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2013
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/10/16831441/explains-big-gender-disparities-india-local-industrial-structures-female-entrepreneurship http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12071 |
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okr-10986-120712021-04-23T14:02:59Z What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship Ghani, Ejaz Kerr, William R. O'Connell, Stephen D. ADB ARCHITECTURE AUTOMOBILE BIOTECHNOLOGY BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS LEADER BUSINESS LEADERS BUSINESSES CITIES CITY SIZE COMMERCE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPUTERS CONNECTIVITY CONSTRUCTION CONSUMER MARKET CORRUPTION DEBT DISCRIMINATION DISTRICTS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMICS ELECTRICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPOWERMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EQUIPMENT FAMILIES FEMALE FEMALES FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER ISSUES HOME HOTELS HUMAN CAPITAL INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS INNOVATION INNOVATION POLICY INPUT FLOW INPUT FLOWS INSTITUTION INTERFACE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LAWS LEGISLATION LICENSE LITERACY LITERACY RATE LITERACY RATES LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANUFACTURING MATERIAL METROPOLITAN AREAS MOBILITY NETWORKS NEW ENTRANTS NEW TECHNOLOGY OCCUPATIONS OPEN ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PIPELINES POACHING POPULATION DENSITY PRODUCTION PROCESSES PRODUCTIVITY RADIO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT RENTING RENTS RESULTS SAFETY SALES OPPORTUNITIES SEWAGE SEX SILICON SOCIAL EXCLUSION TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELEVISION TRANSPORT URBAN GROWTH USES VILLAGES WEB WILL Despite rapid economic growth, gender disparities in women's economic participation have remained deep and persistent in India. What explains these huge gender disparities? Is it poor infrastructure, limited education, and gender composition of the labor force and industries? Or is it deficiencies in social and business networks and a low share of incumbent female entrepreneurs?This paper analyzes the spatial determinants of female entrepreneurship in India in the manufacturing and services sectors. Good infrastructure and education predict higher female entry shares. There are strong agglomeration economies in both manufacturing and services, where higher female ownership among incumbent businesses within a district-industry predicts a greater share of subsequent entrepreneurs will be female. Moreover, higher female ownership of local businesses in related industries (similar labor needs, input-output markets) predicts greater relative female entry rates. Gender networks thus clearly matter for women's economic participation. However, there is a need to develop a better understanding of how gender networks influence aggregate efficiency. There is no doubt that gender empowerment can be the escalator to realizing human potential and for creating a robust platform for growth and job creation. 2013-01-03T19:08:15Z 2013-01-03T19:08:15Z 2012-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/10/16831441/explains-big-gender-disparities-india-local-industrial-structures-female-entrepreneurship http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12071 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6228 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ADB ARCHITECTURE AUTOMOBILE BIOTECHNOLOGY BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS LEADER BUSINESS LEADERS BUSINESSES CITIES CITY SIZE COMMERCE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPUTERS CONNECTIVITY CONSTRUCTION CONSUMER MARKET CORRUPTION DEBT DISCRIMINATION DISTRICTS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMICS ELECTRICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPOWERMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EQUIPMENT FAMILIES FEMALE FEMALES FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER ISSUES HOME HOTELS HUMAN CAPITAL INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS INNOVATION INNOVATION POLICY INPUT FLOW INPUT FLOWS INSTITUTION INTERFACE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LAWS LEGISLATION LICENSE LITERACY LITERACY RATE LITERACY RATES LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANUFACTURING MATERIAL METROPOLITAN AREAS MOBILITY NETWORKS NEW ENTRANTS NEW TECHNOLOGY OCCUPATIONS OPEN ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PIPELINES POACHING POPULATION DENSITY PRODUCTION PROCESSES PRODUCTIVITY RADIO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT RENTING RENTS RESULTS SAFETY SALES OPPORTUNITIES SEWAGE SEX SILICON SOCIAL EXCLUSION TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELEVISION TRANSPORT URBAN GROWTH USES VILLAGES WEB WILL |
| spellingShingle |
ADB ARCHITECTURE AUTOMOBILE BIOTECHNOLOGY BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS LEADER BUSINESS LEADERS BUSINESSES CITIES CITY SIZE COMMERCE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPUTERS CONNECTIVITY CONSTRUCTION CONSUMER MARKET CORRUPTION DEBT DISCRIMINATION DISTRICTS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMICS ELECTRICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPOWERMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EQUIPMENT FAMILIES FEMALE FEMALES FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER ISSUES HOME HOTELS HUMAN CAPITAL INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS INNOVATION INNOVATION POLICY INPUT FLOW INPUT FLOWS INSTITUTION INTERFACE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LAWS LEGISLATION LICENSE LITERACY LITERACY RATE LITERACY RATES LOCAL GOVERNMENT MANUFACTURING MATERIAL METROPOLITAN AREAS MOBILITY NETWORKS NEW ENTRANTS NEW TECHNOLOGY OCCUPATIONS OPEN ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PIPELINES POACHING POPULATION DENSITY PRODUCTION PROCESSES PRODUCTIVITY RADIO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT RENTING RENTS RESULTS SAFETY SALES OPPORTUNITIES SEWAGE SEX SILICON SOCIAL EXCLUSION TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELEVISION TRANSPORT URBAN GROWTH USES VILLAGES WEB WILL Ghani, Ejaz Kerr, William R. O'Connell, Stephen D. What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship |
| geographic_facet |
South Asia India |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6228 |
| description |
Despite rapid economic growth, gender
disparities in women's economic participation have
remained deep and persistent in India. What explains these
huge gender disparities? Is it poor infrastructure, limited
education, and gender composition of the labor force and
industries? Or is it deficiencies in social and business
networks and a low share of incumbent female
entrepreneurs?This paper analyzes the spatial determinants
of female entrepreneurship in India in the manufacturing and
services sectors. Good infrastructure and education predict
higher female entry shares. There are strong agglomeration
economies in both manufacturing and services, where higher
female ownership among incumbent businesses within a
district-industry predicts a greater share of subsequent
entrepreneurs will be female. Moreover, higher female
ownership of local businesses in related industries (similar
labor needs, input-output markets) predicts greater relative
female entry rates. Gender networks thus clearly matter for
women's economic participation. However, there is a
need to develop a better understanding of how gender
networks influence aggregate efficiency. There is no doubt
that gender empowerment can be the escalator to realizing
human potential and for creating a robust platform for
growth and job creation. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Ghani, Ejaz Kerr, William R. O'Connell, Stephen D. |
| author_facet |
Ghani, Ejaz Kerr, William R. O'Connell, Stephen D. |
| author_sort |
Ghani, Ejaz |
| title |
What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship |
| title_short |
What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship |
| title_full |
What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship |
| title_fullStr |
What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship |
| title_full_unstemmed |
What Explains Big Gender Disparities in India? Local Industrial Structures and Female Entrepreneurship |
| title_sort |
what explains big gender disparities in india? local industrial structures and female entrepreneurship |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/10/16831441/explains-big-gender-disparities-india-local-industrial-structures-female-entrepreneurship http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12071 |
| _version_ |
1764418918106005504 |