Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico

Between 2000 and 2010, the Gini coefficient declined in 13 of 17 Latin American countries. The decline was statistically significant and robust to changes in the time interval, inequality measures, and data sources. In-depth country studies for Ar...

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Main Authors:	Lustig, Nora, Lopez-Calva, Luis F., Ortiz-Juarez, Eduardo
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013
Subjects:	ACCOUNTING ACTIVE LABOR ACTIVE LABOR MARKET ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGE GROUP ANNUAL % CHANGE ANTI-POVERTY ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS AVERAGE CHANGE CAPITAL GAINS CAPITAL MARKET CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINING INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DEMAND-SIDE DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EQUAL DISTRIBUTION EQUAL WEIGHT EQUALIZING EFFECT EQUALIZING IMPACT EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXTREME POVERTY FOOD PRICES FREE TRADE GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCIDENCE ANALYSIS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SOURCE INCOME SOURCES INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY REDUCTION INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB CREATION JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR UNION LABOR UNIONS LABOR-INTENSIVE GROWTH LABOUR LABOUR MARKET MARKET IMPERFECTIONS MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION OPPORTUNITY COST PENSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSONAL INCOME PERSONAL INCOME TAXES POLICY CHANGES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR FAMILIES POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE STABILIZATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS REAL WAGES REDISTRIBUTIVE IMPACT REGRESSION ANALYSIS RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE SUPPLY RELATIVE WAGES RENTS RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECTORAL COMPOSITION SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIMULATIONS SKILL LEVEL SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TARGETED TRANSFERS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNION ACTIVITY UNION MEMBERSHIP UNSKILLED LABOR UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISTRIBUTION WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/01/16867190/declining-inequality-latin-america-2000s-cases-argentina-brazil-mexico-declining-inequality-latin-america-2000s-cases-argentina-brazil-mexico http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12089

id	okr-10986-12089
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-120892021-04-23T14:02:59Z Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico Lustig, Nora Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Ortiz-Juarez, Eduardo ACCOUNTING ACTIVE LABOR ACTIVE LABOR MARKET ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGE GROUP ANNUAL % CHANGE ANTI-POVERTY ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS AVERAGE CHANGE CAPITAL GAINS CAPITAL MARKET CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINING INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DEMAND-SIDE DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EQUAL DISTRIBUTION EQUAL WEIGHT EQUALIZING EFFECT EQUALIZING IMPACT EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXTREME POVERTY FOOD PRICES FREE TRADE GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCIDENCE ANALYSIS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SOURCE INCOME SOURCES INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY REDUCTION INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB CREATION JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR UNION LABOR UNIONS LABOR-INTENSIVE GROWTH LABOUR LABOUR MARKET MARKET IMPERFECTIONS MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION OPPORTUNITY COST PENSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSONAL INCOME PERSONAL INCOME TAXES POLICY CHANGES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR FAMILIES POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE STABILIZATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS REAL WAGES REDISTRIBUTIVE IMPACT REGRESSION ANALYSIS RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE SUPPLY RELATIVE WAGES RENTS RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECTORAL COMPOSITION SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIMULATIONS SKILL LEVEL SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TARGETED TRANSFERS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNION ACTIVITY UNION MEMBERSHIP UNSKILLED LABOR UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISTRIBUTION WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE Between 2000 and 2010, the Gini coefficient declined in 13 of 17 Latin American countries. The decline was statistically significant and robust to changes in the time interval, inequality measures, and data sources. In-depth country studies for Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico suggest two main phenomena underlie this trend: a fall in the premium to skilled labor and more progressive government transfers. The fall in the premium to skills resulted from a combination of supply, demand, and institutional factors. Their relative importance depends on the country. 2013-01-04T18:27:51Z 2013-01-04T18:27:51Z 2012-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/01/16867190/declining-inequality-latin-america-2000s-cases-argentina-brazil-mexico-declining-inequality-latin-america-2000s-cases-argentina-brazil-mexico http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12089 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6248 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Latin America & Caribbean
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ACCOUNTING ACTIVE LABOR ACTIVE LABOR MARKET ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGE GROUP ANNUAL % CHANGE ANTI-POVERTY ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS AVERAGE CHANGE CAPITAL GAINS CAPITAL MARKET CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINING INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DEMAND-SIDE DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EQUAL DISTRIBUTION EQUAL WEIGHT EQUALIZING EFFECT EQUALIZING IMPACT EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXTREME POVERTY FOOD PRICES FREE TRADE GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCIDENCE ANALYSIS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SOURCE INCOME SOURCES INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY REDUCTION INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB CREATION JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR UNION LABOR UNIONS LABOR-INTENSIVE GROWTH LABOUR LABOUR MARKET MARKET IMPERFECTIONS MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION OPPORTUNITY COST PENSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSONAL INCOME PERSONAL INCOME TAXES POLICY CHANGES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR FAMILIES POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE STABILIZATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS REAL WAGES REDISTRIBUTIVE IMPACT REGRESSION ANALYSIS RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE SUPPLY RELATIVE WAGES RENTS RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECTORAL COMPOSITION SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIMULATIONS SKILL LEVEL SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TARGETED TRANSFERS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNION ACTIVITY UNION MEMBERSHIP UNSKILLED LABOR UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISTRIBUTION WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE
spellingShingle	ACCOUNTING ACTIVE LABOR ACTIVE LABOR MARKET ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGE GROUP ANNUAL % CHANGE ANTI-POVERTY ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS AVERAGE CHANGE CAPITAL GAINS CAPITAL MARKET CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CASH TRANSFERS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINING INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS DECOMPOSITION RESULTS DEMAND-SIDE DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING EARNINGS INEQUALITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RECOVERY ECONOMIC REVIEW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL LEVELS ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EQUAL DISTRIBUTION EQUAL WEIGHT EQUALIZING EFFECT EQUALIZING IMPACT EXOGENOUS CHANGES EXTREME POVERTY FOOD PRICES FREE TRADE GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL POVERTY GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HIGH GROWTH HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCIDENCE ANALYSIS INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME SOURCE INCOME SOURCES INCOMES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY CHANGES INEQUALITY MEASURE INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY REDUCTION INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB CREATION JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR INCOME LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET POLICIES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR UNION LABOR UNIONS LABOR-INTENSIVE GROWTH LABOUR LABOUR MARKET MARKET IMPERFECTIONS MEASURING INEQUALITY MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION OPPORTUNITY COST PENSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSONAL INCOME PERSONAL INCOME TAXES POLICY CHANGES POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POOR POOR FAMILIES POOR GROWTH POOR HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY PROGRAMS POVERTY REDUCTION PRICE STABILIZATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS REAL WAGES REDISTRIBUTIVE IMPACT REGRESSION ANALYSIS RELATIVE DEMAND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE SUPPLY RELATIVE WAGES RENTS RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL WORKERS SANITATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECTORAL COMPOSITION SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL SIMULATIONS SKILL LEVEL SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL POLICIES SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS SOCIAL SPENDING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TARGETED TRANSFERS TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNION ACTIVITY UNION MEMBERSHIP UNSKILLED LABOR UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISTRIBUTION WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE Lustig, Nora Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Ortiz-Juarez, Eduardo Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
geographic_facet	Latin America & Caribbean
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6248
description	Between 2000 and 2010, the Gini coefficient declined in 13 of 17 Latin American countries. The decline was statistically significant and robust to changes in the time interval, inequality measures, and data sources. In-depth country studies for Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico suggest two main phenomena underlie this trend: a fall in the premium to skilled labor and more progressive government transfers. The fall in the premium to skills resulted from a combination of supply, demand, and institutional factors. Their relative importance depends on the country.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Lustig, Nora Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Ortiz-Juarez, Eduardo
author_facet	Lustig, Nora Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Ortiz-Juarez, Eduardo
author_sort	Lustig, Nora
title	Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
title_short	Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
title_full	Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
title_fullStr	Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
title_full_unstemmed	Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico
title_sort	declining inequality in latin america in the 2000s : the cases of argentina, brazil, and mexico
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/01/16867190/declining-inequality-latin-america-2000s-cases-argentina-brazil-mexico-declining-inequality-latin-america-2000s-cases-argentina-brazil-mexico http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12089
_version_	1764418985497985024

Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico

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