Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation
Local populations' economic opportunities can be enhanced through special arrangements governing movement of people and goods in neighboring areas. For instance, in the Tajikistan-Uzbekistan border-crossing points (BCPs), preferential treatment accorded to residents in contiguous regions varies...
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| Format: | Publication |
| Language: | en_US |
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Washington, DC: World Bank
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13140 |
| id |
okr-10986-13140 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
en_US |
| topic |
accord ad valorem agricultural produce Agricultural products agriculture air air travel Apparel apparel industries bank loan barrier bilateral agreements Border Crossing border crossings border measures Border Trade border traffic bridge business associations business climate business environment car cars central planning civil society commodity comparative advantage competitive markets Consumer Goods consumer protection consumers Copyright Clearance Copyright Clearance Center Cross-Border Cooperation Cross-Border Trade Crossing customs Customs clearance customs duties customs procedures Customs Union debt decentralization decision making development strategies dividends Domestic Consumption domestic markets domestic producers economic agreements Economic Cooperation Economic Development economic efficiency Economic integration economic reform economic resources economic welfare economies of scale European Union exchange rate excise taxes exporters Exports Externalities extreme poverty financial support Fixed Costs flat rate foreign customers Foreign Sales Foreign Trade fragmentation of markets free trade freight GDP geographic reach government intervention government interventions gross domestic product gross margin growth policies heavy trucks highway highway reconstruction Hours of operation import activity import prices imported goods Imported Products Income incomes industrial products industrialized countries Information Technology infrastructure investments infrastructure projects Institutional Model insurance internal trade International Bank international organizations international trade joint ventures land transport lanes legal framework liberalization local transport macroeconomics market economies market integration means of transport motor vehicles multiplier effects national income Output passenger vehicles passengers Patterns of Trade petroleum products policy makers Positive Externalities Potential Benefits Potential buyers preferential treatment price differentials profit margins property rights public policy railway railways rapid expansion Regional Integration regulatory regime regulatory requirements remote locations remote regions reputation road road network roads route routes rule of law scale effects security risks selling price Share of World Exports side effects Specialization sustainable development tax taxation taxi drivers taxis trade agreements trade barriers trade channels Trade data trade effects trade expansion trade facilitation Trade Flows Trade Integration Trade Policy trade regime Trade Regimes trading activities transaction costs transit transport transport costs transportation transportation costs travel costs treaties trip trips truck transport trucks true turnover unemployment value of exports vehicle Vehicles volume of trade wages welfare gains welfare losses wholesale markets |
| spellingShingle |
accord ad valorem agricultural produce Agricultural products agriculture air air travel Apparel apparel industries bank loan barrier bilateral agreements Border Crossing border crossings border measures Border Trade border traffic bridge business associations business climate business environment car cars central planning civil society commodity comparative advantage competitive markets Consumer Goods consumer protection consumers Copyright Clearance Copyright Clearance Center Cross-Border Cooperation Cross-Border Trade Crossing customs Customs clearance customs duties customs procedures Customs Union debt decentralization decision making development strategies dividends Domestic Consumption domestic markets domestic producers economic agreements Economic Cooperation Economic Development economic efficiency Economic integration economic reform economic resources economic welfare economies of scale European Union exchange rate excise taxes exporters Exports Externalities extreme poverty financial support Fixed Costs flat rate foreign customers Foreign Sales Foreign Trade fragmentation of markets free trade freight GDP geographic reach government intervention government interventions gross domestic product gross margin growth policies heavy trucks highway highway reconstruction Hours of operation import activity import prices imported goods Imported Products Income incomes industrial products industrialized countries Information Technology infrastructure investments infrastructure projects Institutional Model insurance internal trade International Bank international organizations international trade joint ventures land transport lanes legal framework liberalization local transport macroeconomics market economies market integration means of transport motor vehicles multiplier effects national income Output passenger vehicles passengers Patterns of Trade petroleum products policy makers Positive Externalities Potential Benefits Potential buyers preferential treatment price differentials profit margins property rights public policy railway railways rapid expansion Regional Integration regulatory regime regulatory requirements remote locations remote regions reputation road road network roads route routes rule of law scale effects security risks selling price Share of World Exports side effects Specialization sustainable development tax taxation taxi drivers taxis trade agreements trade barriers trade channels Trade data trade effects trade expansion trade facilitation Trade Flows Trade Integration Trade Policy trade regime Trade Regimes trading activities transaction costs transit transport transport costs transportation transportation costs travel costs treaties trip trips truck transport trucks true turnover unemployment value of exports vehicle Vehicles volume of trade wages welfare gains welfare losses wholesale markets Kaminski, Bartlomiej Mitra, Saumya Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia Central Asia |
| relation |
Directions in Development--Trade; |
| description |
Local populations' economic opportunities can be enhanced through special arrangements governing movement of people and goods in neighboring areas. For instance, in the Tajikistan-Uzbekistan border-crossing points (BCPs), preferential treatment accorded to residents in contiguous regions varies from one BCP to another, even within one borderline, restricting the distance allowed for travel into the territory of another country to the closest large city or marketplace. When governments impose restrictions on the movements of individuals, vehicles, or goods or close BCPs or bazaars, they may do so on public policy grounds. Security is often cited as a factor for imposing controls, as is prevention of contraband trade. Such government imposed obstacles are a blunt and expensive instrument to attain such public policy aims. The income and welfare costs levied on poor communities of such public policies may be disproportionate to achieve stated public policy goals. Instead, BCPs and bazaars could be opened but made subject to strict and effective policing, ideally using risk-based criteria; similarly, risk-based surveillance or vehicle searches could take the place of an outright ban. Moreover, a government may find that the security benefits of stronger community ties across borders may be considerable; after all, in conditions of growing trade that obviously contributes to the prosperity of a border community, all parties have a stake in suppressing criminal behavior and public disorder and in promoting orderly conditions that minimize the likelihood of the need for security services to intervene. In summary, support for border trade is a win-win strategy for any pair of countries. Government-imposed restrictions may constrict trade and raise its cost, but they do not necessarily eliminate local trade, especially among countries with established cultural, ethnic, and economic ties, which is the case of the former Soviet republics in Central Asia. Such restrictions raise transaction costs and incentivize smuggling. They greatly reduce the beneficial impact on income and employment that can arise from border trade, leading to large welfare losses for communities. The most significant effect of growth in border trade is likely to be poverty reduction in communities in contiguous regions. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Publication |
| author |
Kaminski, Bartlomiej Mitra, Saumya |
| author_facet |
Kaminski, Bartlomiej Mitra, Saumya |
| author_sort |
Kaminski, Bartlomiej |
| title |
Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation |
| title_short |
Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation |
| title_full |
Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation |
| title_fullStr |
Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation |
| title_sort |
borderless bazaars and regional integration in central asia : emerging patterns of trade and cross-border cooperation |
| publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13140 |
| _version_ |
1764422984222638080 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-131402021-04-23T14:03:07Z Borderless Bazaars and Regional Integration in Central Asia : Emerging Patterns of Trade and Cross-Border Cooperation Kaminski, Bartlomiej Mitra, Saumya accord ad valorem agricultural produce Agricultural products agriculture air air travel Apparel apparel industries bank loan barrier bilateral agreements Border Crossing border crossings border measures Border Trade border traffic bridge business associations business climate business environment car cars central planning civil society commodity comparative advantage competitive markets Consumer Goods consumer protection consumers Copyright Clearance Copyright Clearance Center Cross-Border Cooperation Cross-Border Trade Crossing customs Customs clearance customs duties customs procedures Customs Union debt decentralization decision making development strategies dividends Domestic Consumption domestic markets domestic producers economic agreements Economic Cooperation Economic Development economic efficiency Economic integration economic reform economic resources economic welfare economies of scale European Union exchange rate excise taxes exporters Exports Externalities extreme poverty financial support Fixed Costs flat rate foreign customers Foreign Sales Foreign Trade fragmentation of markets free trade freight GDP geographic reach government intervention government interventions gross domestic product gross margin growth policies heavy trucks highway highway reconstruction Hours of operation import activity import prices imported goods Imported Products Income incomes industrial products industrialized countries Information Technology infrastructure investments infrastructure projects Institutional Model insurance internal trade International Bank international organizations international trade joint ventures land transport lanes legal framework liberalization local transport macroeconomics market economies market integration means of transport motor vehicles multiplier effects national income Output passenger vehicles passengers Patterns of Trade petroleum products policy makers Positive Externalities Potential Benefits Potential buyers preferential treatment price differentials profit margins property rights public policy railway railways rapid expansion Regional Integration regulatory regime regulatory requirements remote locations remote regions reputation road road network roads route routes rule of law scale effects security risks selling price Share of World Exports side effects Specialization sustainable development tax taxation taxi drivers taxis trade agreements trade barriers trade channels Trade data trade effects trade expansion trade facilitation Trade Flows Trade Integration Trade Policy trade regime Trade Regimes trading activities transaction costs transit transport transport costs transportation transportation costs travel costs treaties trip trips truck transport trucks true turnover unemployment value of exports vehicle Vehicles volume of trade wages welfare gains welfare losses wholesale markets Local populations' economic opportunities can be enhanced through special arrangements governing movement of people and goods in neighboring areas. For instance, in the Tajikistan-Uzbekistan border-crossing points (BCPs), preferential treatment accorded to residents in contiguous regions varies from one BCP to another, even within one borderline, restricting the distance allowed for travel into the territory of another country to the closest large city or marketplace. When governments impose restrictions on the movements of individuals, vehicles, or goods or close BCPs or bazaars, they may do so on public policy grounds. Security is often cited as a factor for imposing controls, as is prevention of contraband trade. Such government imposed obstacles are a blunt and expensive instrument to attain such public policy aims. The income and welfare costs levied on poor communities of such public policies may be disproportionate to achieve stated public policy goals. Instead, BCPs and bazaars could be opened but made subject to strict and effective policing, ideally using risk-based criteria; similarly, risk-based surveillance or vehicle searches could take the place of an outright ban. Moreover, a government may find that the security benefits of stronger community ties across borders may be considerable; after all, in conditions of growing trade that obviously contributes to the prosperity of a border community, all parties have a stake in suppressing criminal behavior and public disorder and in promoting orderly conditions that minimize the likelihood of the need for security services to intervene. In summary, support for border trade is a win-win strategy for any pair of countries. Government-imposed restrictions may constrict trade and raise its cost, but they do not necessarily eliminate local trade, especially among countries with established cultural, ethnic, and economic ties, which is the case of the former Soviet republics in Central Asia. Such restrictions raise transaction costs and incentivize smuggling. They greatly reduce the beneficial impact on income and employment that can arise from border trade, leading to large welfare losses for communities. The most significant effect of growth in border trade is likely to be poverty reduction in communities in contiguous regions. 2013-04-10T21:14:31Z 2013-04-10T21:14:31Z 2012-05-25 978-0-8213-9471-7 10.1596/978-0-8213-9471-7 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13140 en_US Directions in Development--Trade; CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research Europe and Central Asia Central Asia |