Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation

The authors document the vast expansion of schooling over the past several decades, as well as convergence in schooling measures across countries. They make the observation that poor countries today have higher average education levels than countri...

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Main Authors:	Gradstein, Mark, Nikitin, Denis
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2013
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGGREGATE LEVEL ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE LEVEL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COUNTRY EFFECTS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS COUNTRY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENROLLMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUILIBRIUM ESTIMATION RESULTS EXPECTED UTILITY EXPORTS FIXED EFFECTS GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE GROWTH THEORIES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME EFFECT INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LEISURE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LET LEVEL OF EDUCATION MARGINAL COST MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY NATIONAL CURRICULUM NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE SIGN OPEN ECONOMIES PAPERS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECT PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROFICIENCY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REAL GDP REGIONAL DUMMIES REGRESSION RESULTS SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL NORMS STANDARD DEVIATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATISTICAL DATA TAX RATES TECHNOLOGY FRONTIER TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNSKILLED LABOR UTILITY FUNCTION WORLD INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS COMPLETION RATES EDUCATIONAL THEORY EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERTEMPORAL CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/03/4067066/educational-expansion-evidence-interpretation-educational-expansion-evidence-interpretation http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14122

id	okr-10986-14122
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-141222021-04-23T14:03:20Z Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation Gradstein, Mark Nikitin, Denis ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGGREGATE LEVEL ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE LEVEL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COUNTRY EFFECTS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS COUNTRY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENROLLMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUILIBRIUM ESTIMATION RESULTS EXPECTED UTILITY EXPORTS FIXED EFFECTS GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE GROWTH THEORIES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME EFFECT INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LEISURE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LET LEVEL OF EDUCATION MARGINAL COST MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY NATIONAL CURRICULUM NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE SIGN OPEN ECONOMIES PAPERS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECT PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROFICIENCY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REAL GDP REGIONAL DUMMIES REGRESSION RESULTS SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL NORMS STANDARD DEVIATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATISTICAL DATA TAX RATES TECHNOLOGY FRONTIER TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNSKILLED LABOR UTILITY FUNCTION WORLD INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS COMPLETION RATES EDUCATIONAL THEORY SCHOOLING EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERTEMPORAL CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS The authors document the vast expansion of schooling over the past several decades, as well as convergence in schooling measures across countries. They make the observation that poor countries today have higher average education levels than countries at the same level of economic development had in the past. They propose a simple model that suggests that these trends can be attributed to the intertemporal expansion of the world technological frontier, which enhances the demand for schooling. Their empirical analysis supports the view that educational expansion has occurred because of the increase in demand, especially in open economies, and not because of cost-reducing improvements in the education sector. 2013-06-21T18:29:10Z 2013-06-21T18:29:10Z 2004-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/03/4067066/educational-expansion-evidence-interpretation-educational-expansion-evidence-interpretation http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14122 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No.3245 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, D.C. Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGGREGATE LEVEL ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE LEVEL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COUNTRY EFFECTS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS COUNTRY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENROLLMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUILIBRIUM ESTIMATION RESULTS EXPECTED UTILITY EXPORTS FIXED EFFECTS GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE GROWTH THEORIES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME EFFECT INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LEISURE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LET LEVEL OF EDUCATION MARGINAL COST MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY NATIONAL CURRICULUM NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE SIGN OPEN ECONOMIES PAPERS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECT PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROFICIENCY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REAL GDP REGIONAL DUMMIES REGRESSION RESULTS SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL NORMS STANDARD DEVIATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATISTICAL DATA TAX RATES TECHNOLOGY FRONTIER TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNSKILLED LABOR UTILITY FUNCTION WORLD INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS COMPLETION RATES EDUCATIONAL THEORY SCHOOLING EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERTEMPORAL CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS
spellingShingle	ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVANCED COUNTRIES AGGREGATE LEVEL ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE LEVEL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COUNTRY EFFECTS COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS COUNTRY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ENROLLMENT EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION ELASTICITY EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPIRICAL SUPPORT ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENROLLMENT EQUAL ACCESS EQUILIBRIUM ESTIMATION RESULTS EXPECTED UTILITY EXPORTS FIXED EFFECTS GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE GROWTH THEORIES HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORTS INCOME INCOME EFFECT INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOMES INEQUALITY INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LEISURE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LET LEVEL OF EDUCATION MARGINAL COST MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY NATIONAL CURRICULUM NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE SIGN OPEN ECONOMIES PAPERS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH POSITIVE EFFECT PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROFICIENCY PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REAL GDP REGIONAL DUMMIES REGRESSION RESULTS SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SKILLED LABOR SOCIAL NORMS STANDARD DEVIATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATISTICAL DATA TAX RATES TECHNOLOGY FRONTIER TERTIARY EDUCATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UNSKILLED LABOR UTILITY FUNCTION WORLD INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL EXPANSION EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS COMPLETION RATES EDUCATIONAL THEORY SCHOOLING EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERTEMPORAL CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS Gradstein, Mark Nikitin, Denis Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No.3245
description	The authors document the vast expansion of schooling over the past several decades, as well as convergence in schooling measures across countries. They make the observation that poor countries today have higher average education levels than countries at the same level of economic development had in the past. They propose a simple model that suggests that these trends can be attributed to the intertemporal expansion of the world technological frontier, which enhances the demand for schooling. Their empirical analysis supports the view that educational expansion has occurred because of the increase in demand, especially in open economies, and not because of cost-reducing improvements in the education sector.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Gradstein, Mark Nikitin, Denis
author_facet	Gradstein, Mark Nikitin, Denis
author_sort	Gradstein, Mark
title	Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation
title_short	Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation
title_full	Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation
title_fullStr	Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation
title_full_unstemmed	Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation
title_sort	educational expansion: evidence and interpretation
publisher	World Bank, Washington, D.C.
publishDate	2013
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/03/4067066/educational-expansion-evidence-interpretation-educational-expansion-evidence-interpretation http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14122
_version_	1764430254466662400

Educational Expansion: Evidence and Interpretation

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