Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980
One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effect of global economic integration on inequality and poverty. This article documents five trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around 1980. The first trend is that growth...
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English en_US |
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Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
2013
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17591342/globalization-poverty-inequality-1980br-globalization-poverty-inequality-1980 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16430 |
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okr-10986-16430 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO MARKETS ADJUSTMENT PERIOD AGGREGATE GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AID DONORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME BARRIERS TO ENTRY CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL FLOWS CLOSED ECONOMIES COLONIALISM COMMODITIES CONSTANT PRICES CONSUMER GOODS COUNTRY INEQUALITY CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES CURRENCY DEBT CRISES DEREGULATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPING ECONOMY DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT DISTRIBUTION DATA DOMESTIC SAVINGS DYNAMIC ECONOMY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS EDUCATED WORKERS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS EQUAL ACCESS ESTIMATES OF POVERTY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT TAXES EXTERNAL TRADE EXTREME POVERTY EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE FARMERS FOREIGN AID FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN TRADE FREE TRADE FUTURE PROSPECTS GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL POVERTY GLOBAL VIEW GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION PERIOD GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HARMONIZATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME STUDY INCOME TAX INCOMES INCREASED INEQUALITY INCREASING WAGE INCREASING WAGE INEQUALITY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INSTITUTIONAL MODEL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT POLICIES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LESS DEVELOPED ECONOMIES LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATIONS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET ACCESS MARKET STRUCTURE MEAN LOG DEVIATION MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASURING POVERTY MONETARY ECONOMICS MONEY INCOME MONOPOLIES MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NEGATIVE GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH THEORY OPEN ECONOMIES PARTICULAR COUNTRIES PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSISTENT POVERTY POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR COUNTRIES POOR COUNTRY POOR ECONOMIES POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION GROWTH POPULOUS COUNTRIES POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY REDUCTION POWER PARITY PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC UTILITIES PURCHASING POWER RAPID GROWTH REAL INCOME REAL LEVEL REDUCED POVERTY REFORM PROGRAM REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RICH COUNTRIES RICH PEOPLE RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME SAVINGS SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED WORKERS SMALL COUNTRIES SOCIAL PROTECTION TAX TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES THIRD WORLD THIRD WORLD ECONOMIES THIRD WORLD ECONOMY TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TURNOVER UNSKILLED LABOR WAGE GROWTH WAR WORLD ECONOMY WORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION WORLD TRADE WTO |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO MARKETS ADJUSTMENT PERIOD AGGREGATE GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AID DONORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME BARRIERS TO ENTRY CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL FLOWS CLOSED ECONOMIES COLONIALISM COMMODITIES CONSTANT PRICES CONSUMER GOODS COUNTRY INEQUALITY CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES CURRENCY DEBT CRISES DEREGULATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPING ECONOMY DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT DISTRIBUTION DATA DOMESTIC SAVINGS DYNAMIC ECONOMY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS EDUCATED WORKERS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS EQUAL ACCESS ESTIMATES OF POVERTY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT TAXES EXTERNAL TRADE EXTREME POVERTY EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE FARMERS FOREIGN AID FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN TRADE FREE TRADE FUTURE PROSPECTS GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL POVERTY GLOBAL VIEW GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION PERIOD GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HARMONIZATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME STUDY INCOME TAX INCOMES INCREASED INEQUALITY INCREASING WAGE INCREASING WAGE INEQUALITY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INSTITUTIONAL MODEL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT POLICIES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LESS DEVELOPED ECONOMIES LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATIONS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET ACCESS MARKET STRUCTURE MEAN LOG DEVIATION MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASURING POVERTY MONETARY ECONOMICS MONEY INCOME MONOPOLIES MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NEGATIVE GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH THEORY OPEN ECONOMIES PARTICULAR COUNTRIES PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSISTENT POVERTY POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR COUNTRIES POOR COUNTRY POOR ECONOMIES POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION GROWTH POPULOUS COUNTRIES POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY REDUCTION POWER PARITY PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC UTILITIES PURCHASING POWER RAPID GROWTH REAL INCOME REAL LEVEL REDUCED POVERTY REFORM PROGRAM REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RICH COUNTRIES RICH PEOPLE RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME SAVINGS SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED WORKERS SMALL COUNTRIES SOCIAL PROTECTION TAX TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES THIRD WORLD THIRD WORLD ECONOMIES THIRD WORLD ECONOMY TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TURNOVER UNSKILLED LABOR WAGE GROWTH WAR WORLD ECONOMY WORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION WORLD TRADE WTO Dollar, David Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 |
| description |
One of the most contentious issues of
globalization is the effect of global economic integration
on inequality and poverty. This article documents five
trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around
1980. The first trend is that growth rates in poor economies
have accelerated and are higher than growth rates in rich
countries for the first time in modern history. Developing
countries per capita incomes grew more than 3.5 percent a
year in the 1990s. Second, the number of extremely poor
people in the world has declined significantly. The share of
people in developing economies living on less than dollar 1
a day has been cut in half since 1981, though the decline in
the share living on less than dollar 2 per day was much less
dramatic. Third, global inequality has declined modestly,
reversing a 200-year trend toward higher inequality. Fourth,
within-country inequality in general is not growing, though
it has risen in several populous countries (China, India,
and the United States). Fifth, wage inequality is rising
worldwide. This may seem to contradict the fourth trend, but
it does not because there is no simple link between wage
inequality and household income inequality. Furthermore, the
trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are
strongest in developing economies that have integrated with
the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view
that integration has been a positive force for improving the
lives of people in developing areas |
| format |
Journal Article |
| author |
Dollar, David |
| author_facet |
Dollar, David |
| author_sort |
Dollar, David |
| title |
Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 |
| title_short |
Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 |
| title_full |
Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 |
| title_fullStr |
Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 |
| title_sort |
globalization, poverty, and inequality since 1980 |
| publisher |
Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17591342/globalization-poverty-inequality-1980br-globalization-poverty-inequality-1980 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16430 |
| _version_ |
1764433555231866880 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-164302021-04-23T14:03:30Z Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980 Dollar, David ACCESS TO MARKETS ADJUSTMENT PERIOD AGGREGATE GROWTH AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AID DONORS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE INCOME BARRIERS TO ENTRY CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL FLOWS CLOSED ECONOMIES COLONIALISM COMMODITIES CONSTANT PRICES CONSUMER GOODS COUNTRY INEQUALITY CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES CURRENCY DEBT CRISES DEREGULATION DEVALUATION DEVELOPING AREAS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEVELOPING ECONOMIES DEVELOPING ECONOMY DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT DISTRIBUTION DATA DOMESTIC SAVINGS DYNAMIC ECONOMY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CRISIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC REFORMS ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC REVIEW ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS EDUCATED WORKERS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS EQUAL ACCESS ESTIMATES OF POVERTY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT TAXES EXTERNAL TRADE EXTREME POVERTY EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE FARMERS FOREIGN AID FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN DEBT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN TRADE FREE TRADE FUTURE PROSPECTS GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL POVERTY GLOBAL VIEW GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION PERIOD GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HARMONIZATION HIGHER INEQUALITY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROUPS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME STUDY INCOME TAX INCOMES INCREASED INEQUALITY INCREASING WAGE INCREASING WAGE INEQUALITY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES INEQUALITY INEQUALITY MEASURES INEQUALITY WILL INSTITUTIONAL MODEL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT POLICIES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LESS DEVELOPED ECONOMIES LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATIONS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOW-INCOME COUNTRY MARKET ACCESS MARKET STRUCTURE MEAN LOG DEVIATION MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASURING POVERTY MONETARY ECONOMICS MONEY INCOME MONOPOLIES MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NEGATIVE GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH THEORY OPEN ECONOMIES PARTICULAR COUNTRIES PAYMENTS CRISIS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES PERSISTENT POVERTY POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR AREAS POOR COMMUNITIES POOR COUNTRIES POOR COUNTRY POOR ECONOMIES POOR FAMILIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POPULATION GROWTH POPULOUS COUNTRIES POSITIVE EFFECT POVERTY INCIDENCE POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY REDUCTION POWER PARITY PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATIZATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC UTILITIES PURCHASING POWER RAPID GROWTH REAL INCOME REAL LEVEL REDUCED POVERTY REFORM PROGRAM REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RICH COUNTRIES RICH PEOPLE RISING INEQUALITY RISING WAGE INEQUALITY RURAL RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME SAVINGS SKILL PREMIUM SKILLED WORKERS SMALL COUNTRIES SOCIAL PROTECTION TAX TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES THIRD WORLD THIRD WORLD ECONOMIES THIRD WORLD ECONOMY TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TURNOVER UNSKILLED LABOR WAGE GROWTH WAR WORLD ECONOMY WORLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION WORLD TRADE WTO One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effect of global economic integration on inequality and poverty. This article documents five trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around 1980. The first trend is that growth rates in poor economies have accelerated and are higher than growth rates in rich countries for the first time in modern history. Developing countries per capita incomes grew more than 3.5 percent a year in the 1990s. Second, the number of extremely poor people in the world has declined significantly. The share of people in developing economies living on less than dollar 1 a day has been cut in half since 1981, though the decline in the share living on less than dollar 2 per day was much less dramatic. Third, global inequality has declined modestly, reversing a 200-year trend toward higher inequality. Fourth, within-country inequality in general is not growing, though it has risen in several populous countries (China, India, and the United States). Fifth, wage inequality is rising worldwide. This may seem to contradict the fourth trend, but it does not because there is no simple link between wage inequality and household income inequality. Furthermore, the trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing areas 2013-12-20T19:56:45Z 2013-12-20T19:56:45Z 2005-09-01 Journal Article http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17591342/globalization-poverty-inequality-1980br-globalization-poverty-inequality-1980 World Bank Research Observer doi:10.1093/wbro/lki008 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16430 English en_US CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/ World Bank Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank Publications & Research :: Journal Article Publications & Research :: Journal Article |