Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development
Using cross-country and panel regressions, this article investigates how gender inequality in education affects long-term economic growth. Such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth that is robust to changes in specifications and...
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English en_US |
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Washington, DC: World Bank
2014
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/17742167/low-schooling-girls-slower-growth-all-cross-country-evidence-effect-gender-inequality-education-economic-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17209 |
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okr-10986-17209 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
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English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTED INCOME ADULT POPULATION ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE LEVEL BULLETIN CAPITA INCOME GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INCREASES CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD CARE CHILD MORTALITY CONVERGENCE DEBATE CORRUPTION COUNTRY DATA COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEPENDENCY BURDEN DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DOMESTIC MARKETS DOMESTIC SAVINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL GENDER EDUCATIONAL GENDER GAPS EFFECT ON POPULATION GROWTH EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUAL EDUCATION EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAMILY PLANNING FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMALES FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FERTILITY FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FERTILITY RATES FERTILITY TRANSITION FIRST YEAR FIXED EFFECTS FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCREPANCIES GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GIRLS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS GROWTH TRAGEDY HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH GROWTH HIGH POPULATION GROWTH HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF POPULATION IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INCOME PER CAPITA INCREASE GROWTH INCREASING RETURNS INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INEQUALITY AVERSION INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INVESTMENT RATE INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR MARKET LABOUR OFFICE LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MARGINAL RETURNS MARGINALIZATION MARRIAGE AGE MONETARY ECONOMICS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT 0 HYPOTHESIS NUMBER OF WORKERS PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY RESEARCH POLICY VARIABLES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH RATE POPULATION GROWTH RATES PRIMARY EDUCATION PROBLEMS OF GENDER PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROMOTING GENDER EQUITY PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALITY OF EDUCATION RAPID GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REDUCED GENDER INEQUALITY REDUCING GENDER INEQUALITY RESOURCE ALLOCATION SAFETY NETS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TERTIARY EDUCATION UNDP UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNICEF UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISCRIMINATION WAGE GAP WILL WOMAN WORKING-AGE POPULATION |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTED INCOME ADULT POPULATION ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE LEVEL BULLETIN CAPITA INCOME GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INCREASES CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD CARE CHILD MORTALITY CONVERGENCE DEBATE CORRUPTION COUNTRY DATA COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEPENDENCY BURDEN DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DOMESTIC MARKETS DOMESTIC SAVINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL GENDER EDUCATIONAL GENDER GAPS EFFECT ON POPULATION GROWTH EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUAL EDUCATION EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAMILY PLANNING FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMALES FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FERTILITY FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FERTILITY RATES FERTILITY TRANSITION FIRST YEAR FIXED EFFECTS FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCREPANCIES GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GIRLS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS GROWTH TRAGEDY HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH GROWTH HIGH POPULATION GROWTH HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF POPULATION IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INCOME PER CAPITA INCREASE GROWTH INCREASING RETURNS INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INEQUALITY AVERSION INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INVESTMENT RATE INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR MARKET LABOUR OFFICE LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MARGINAL RETURNS MARGINALIZATION MARRIAGE AGE MONETARY ECONOMICS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT 0 HYPOTHESIS NUMBER OF WORKERS PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY RESEARCH POLICY VARIABLES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH RATE POPULATION GROWTH RATES PRIMARY EDUCATION PROBLEMS OF GENDER PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROMOTING GENDER EQUITY PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALITY OF EDUCATION RAPID GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REDUCED GENDER INEQUALITY REDUCING GENDER INEQUALITY RESOURCE ALLOCATION SAFETY NETS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TERTIARY EDUCATION UNDP UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNICEF UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISCRIMINATION WAGE GAP WILL WOMAN WORKING-AGE POPULATION Klasen, Stephan Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development |
| description |
Using cross-country and panel
regressions, this article investigates how gender inequality
in education affects long-term economic growth. Such
inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth
that is robust to changes in specifications and controls for
potential endogeneities. The results suggest that gender
inequality in education directly affects economic growth by
lowering the average level of human capital. In addition,
growth is indirectly affected through the impact of gender
inequality on investment and population growth. Some 0.4-0.9
percentage points of differences in annual per capita growth
rates between East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia,
and the Middle East can be accounted for by differences in
gender gaps in education between these regions. |
| format |
Journal Article |
| author |
Klasen, Stephan |
| author_facet |
Klasen, Stephan |
| author_sort |
Klasen, Stephan |
| title |
Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development |
| title_short |
Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development |
| title_full |
Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development |
| title_fullStr |
Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development |
| title_sort |
low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? cross-country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development |
| publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/17742167/low-schooling-girls-slower-growth-all-cross-country-evidence-effect-gender-inequality-education-economic-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17209 |
| _version_ |
1764433267326451712 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-172092021-04-23T14:03:29Z Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development Klasen, Stephan ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTED INCOME ADULT POPULATION ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE LEVEL BULLETIN CAPITA INCOME GROWTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INCREASES CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD CARE CHILD MORTALITY CONVERGENCE DEBATE CORRUPTION COUNTRY DATA COUNTRY REGRESSIONS CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEPENDENCY BURDEN DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING REGIONS DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DOMESTIC MARKETS DOMESTIC SAVINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL GENDER EDUCATIONAL GENDER GAPS EFFECT ON POPULATION GROWTH EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUAL EDUCATION EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXTERNAL SHOCKS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FAMILY PLANNING FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMALES FEMINIST FEMINIST ECONOMICS FERTILITY FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FERTILITY RATES FERTILITY TRANSITION FIRST YEAR FIXED EFFECTS FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCREPANCIES GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GIRLS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS GROWTH TRAGEDY HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH GROWTH HIGH POPULATION GROWTH HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF POPULATION IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH INCOME GROWTH INCOME LEVELS INCOME PER CAPITA INCREASE GROWTH INCREASING RETURNS INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INEQUALITY AVERSION INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INVESTMENT RATE INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE GROWTH LABOR MARKET LABOUR OFFICE LIFE EXPECTANCY LITERACY LONG-RUN GROWTH LONG-TERM GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MARGINAL RETURNS MARGINALIZATION MARRIAGE AGE MONETARY ECONOMICS MORTALITY MORTALITY RATE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT 0 HYPOTHESIS NUMBER OF WORKERS PANEL REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOMES POLICY RESEARCH POLICY VARIABLES POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH RATE POPULATION GROWTH RATES PRIMARY EDUCATION PROBLEMS OF GENDER PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROMOTING GENDER EQUITY PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALITY OF EDUCATION RAPID GROWTH RATE OF GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH REDUCED GENDER INEQUALITY REDUCING GENDER INEQUALITY RESOURCE ALLOCATION SAFETY NETS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS TERTIARY EDUCATION UNDP UNEDUCATED WOMEN UNICEF UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WAGE DIFFERENTIALS WAGE DISCRIMINATION WAGE GAP WILL WOMAN WORKING-AGE POPULATION Using cross-country and panel regressions, this article investigates how gender inequality in education affects long-term economic growth. Such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth that is robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneities. The results suggest that gender inequality in education directly affects economic growth by lowering the average level of human capital. In addition, growth is indirectly affected through the impact of gender inequality on investment and population growth. Some 0.4-0.9 percentage points of differences in annual per capita growth rates between East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East can be accounted for by differences in gender gaps in education between these regions. 2014-03-04T19:56:53Z 2014-03-04T19:56:53Z 2002-09 Journal Article http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/17742167/low-schooling-girls-slower-growth-all-cross-country-evidence-effect-gender-inequality-education-economic-development World Bank Economic Review http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17209 English en_US CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank Publications & Research :: Journal Article Publications & Research |