Competitive Cities : Reshaping the Economic Geography of Romania

This document examines the geographic distribution of employed individuals across Romania, the implications, and recommendations. Under optimal conditions, cities concentrate economic resources and human talent in a virtuous cycle of increasing urb...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	World Bank
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ACCESSIBILITY AGRICULTURE AIR AIRPORT AIRPORTS AUTOMOBILES BACKBONE BASIC EDUCATION BIKE PATHS BRIDGE BUS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CAR CARPENTERS CARS CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES CITY POPULATION CLERKS COMMODITIES COMPETITIVENESS CONNECTIVITY CONSUMERS CYCLE OF POVERTY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DISCRIMINATION DOG WALKERS DRIVERS DRIVING DRIVING TIME ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC EXPANSION ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC SECTORS ECONOMIC THEORY ECOSYSTEM ELECTRIC CARS ELECTRICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS EXPORT MARKETS EXPORTS FARES FERTILITY FERTILITY RATE FEWER PEOPLE FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY FLOWS OF PEOPLE FORMAL EDUCATION FREIGHT TRAFFIC FUEL GDP GDP PER CAPITA GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL MARKETS GLOBALIZATION GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE GROWTH THEORY HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE HEALTH SERVICES HIGH-SPEED RAIL HIGHWAY HIGHWAYS HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ILLITERACY ILLITERACY RATE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INDUSTRIALIZATION INFANT INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INNOVATION INNOVATIONS INVESTMENT IN ROADS KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRIES LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MOBILITY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR STATISTICS LARGE CITIES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL ECONOMY LOCALIZATION MANUFACTURING MARKET ECONOMIES MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEANS OF TRANSPORT MEDICAL DEVICES MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION MINORITY MOBILITY MODAL SPLIT MOTORWAY NETWORK MOTORWAYS MULTIPLIER EFFECT NATIONAL BORDERS NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL ECONOMY NATIONAL EXPENDITURES NATIONAL POPULATION NETWORK OF BIKE PATHS NEW TECHNOLOGIES NUMBER OF PEOPLE NURSES O&M OCCUPATIONS PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT PASSENGER RAIL PASSENGER TRANSPORT PASSENGER-KILOMETER PASSENGERS PATENTS PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN AREAS PEDESTRIAN PATHS PER CAPITA INCOME PHYSICAL GOODS POLICY MAKERS POPULATION DECLINE POPULATION DENSITIES POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION INCREASES POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTION PROCESSES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES PROGRESS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKS PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC UTILITY QUALITY EDUCATION QUALITY OF LIFE R&D RAIL RAIL ACCESS RAIL CONNECTIONS RAIL FREIGHT RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE RAIL NETWORK RAIL TRAFFIC RAILWAY REMITTANCE REMITTANCES RESPECT RESULT RESULTS RICHER COUNTRIES RING ROAD ROAD ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD NETWORK ROADS RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE SHORT SUPPLY SILICON SKILLED WORKERS SOFTWARE PROGRAMS SPILLOVER STRUCTURAL CHANGE SUBURBS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH SUSTAINABLE GROWTH SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT TAXATION TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE BARRIERS TRADE POLICIES TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS TRAMWAY TRANSIT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRUE UNEMPLOYED URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTER URBAN CENTERS URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBANISM URBANIZATION USES VEHICLE VICIOUS CYCLE WAGE DISTRIBUTION WAGES WAR WOMAN WORKFORCE
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/19060303/romania-competitive-cities-reshaping-economic-geography-romania-vol-1-2-full-report http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17559

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Summary:	This document examines the geographic distribution of employed individuals across Romania, the implications, and recommendations. Under optimal conditions, cities concentrate economic resources and human talent in a virtuous cycle of increasing urbanization that generates a diverse range of opportunities, enabling people to find better-paying jobs, companies to recruit employees with the right set of skills, and capital and ideas to flow across space more efficiently. The benefits of agglomeration kick in rapidly, increasing the attraction of cities as living and working spaces. However, in the short term, uneven development across regions is both a normal and an inevitable phenomenon. Regrettably, many policymakers tend to resist growing internal divergence, trying to artificially spread the benefits of growth evenly across space. In practice, however, such policies rarely have the intended effects, often wasting resources and slowing down the economy. The basic solution for lagging areas is instead to connect people living there to opportunities in growing cities and offer them access to basic infrastructure for encouraging short-term working mobility and discouraging depopulation/ peremptory migration in favor of intra- and inter-county commuting. In the long run, convergence in living standards will occur as benefits from leading areas spill over to surrounding communities and people who had left lagging areas bring back capital, jobs, and ideas.

Competitive Cities : Reshaping the Economic Geography of Romania

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