Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan

This paper quantifies the contributions to distributional changes observed in Pakistan over the last decade. In contrast to methods that focus on aggregate summary statistics, the method adopted in this paper generates entire counterfactual distrib...

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Main Authors:	Inchauste, Gabriela, Winkler, Hernan
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY BASE YEAR CHANGES IN POVERTY COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POVERTY COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINE IN POVERTY DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC SECTORS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS ERROR TERMS EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FAMILY MEMBERS FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM SECTOR FARM WORKERS FARMERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEAD COUNT RATIO HIGH VOLATILITY HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCREASED INVESTMENT INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND HOLDINGS MARGINAL VALUE MEAN VALUE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PER CAPITA GROWTH PER-CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY PERSPECTIVE POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY GAP POVERTY HEAD POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY INDICES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RANDOM VARIABLES REAL GDP REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REDUCTION OF POVERTY REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION REGIONAL ECONOMIES REGIONAL POVERTY REGIONAL STRUCTURE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE PRICES RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL INCOME SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL SECURITY TOTAL OUTPUT URBAN AREAS VALUE ADDED WAGES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/19309507/decomposing-distributional-changes-pakistan http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17882

id	okr-10986-17882
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-178822021-04-23T14:03:40Z Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan Inchauste, Gabriela Winkler, Hernan AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY BASE YEAR CHANGES IN POVERTY COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POVERTY COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINE IN POVERTY DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC SECTORS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS ERROR TERMS EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FAMILY MEMBERS FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM SECTOR FARM WORKERS FARMERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEAD COUNT RATIO HIGH VOLATILITY HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCREASED INVESTMENT INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND HOLDINGS MARGINAL VALUE MEAN VALUE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PER CAPITA GROWTH PER-CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY PERSPECTIVE POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY GAP POVERTY HEAD POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY INDICES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RANDOM VARIABLES REAL GDP REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REDUCTION OF POVERTY REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION REGIONAL ECONOMIES REGIONAL POVERTY REGIONAL STRUCTURE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE PRICES RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL INCOME SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL SECURITY TOTAL OUTPUT URBAN AREAS VALUE ADDED WAGES This paper quantifies the contributions to distributional changes observed in Pakistan over the last decade. In contrast to methods that focus on aggregate summary statistics, the method adopted in this paper generates entire counterfactual distributions to account for the contributions of demographics, labor and non-labor incomes in explaining poverty reduction. The results show that the most important contributor was the growth in income. Moreover, this growth in income seems to be driven by returns to individual and household endowments, pointing to productivity increases as the driving force behind poverty reduction. Lower dependency ratios, transfers and remittances also contributed to poverty reduction, albeit to a smaller extent. Growth in productivity, particularly between 2001-02 and 2005-06 is consistent with estimates from aggregate accounts, which points to productivity growth led by movements of labor force away from agriculture and into industry and services. If the objective is to reach similar or accelerated poverty reduction and productivity growth going forward, increased investment in rural areas will be needed. 2014-04-17T15:17:20Z 2014-04-17T15:17:20Z 2012-07 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/19309507/decomposing-distributional-changes-pakistan http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17882 English en_US World Bank Policy Paper Series on Pakistan;no. PK 12/12 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper South Asia Pakistan
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY BASE YEAR CHANGES IN POVERTY COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POVERTY COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINE IN POVERTY DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC SECTORS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS ERROR TERMS EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FAMILY MEMBERS FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM SECTOR FARM WORKERS FARMERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEAD COUNT RATIO HIGH VOLATILITY HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCREASED INVESTMENT INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND HOLDINGS MARGINAL VALUE MEAN VALUE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PER CAPITA GROWTH PER-CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY PERSPECTIVE POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY GAP POVERTY HEAD POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY INDICES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RANDOM VARIABLES REAL GDP REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REDUCTION OF POVERTY REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION REGIONAL ECONOMIES REGIONAL POVERTY REGIONAL STRUCTURE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE PRICES RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL INCOME SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL SECURITY TOTAL OUTPUT URBAN AREAS VALUE ADDED WAGES
spellingShingle	AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT ANNUAL GROWTH AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY BASE YEAR CHANGES IN POVERTY COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION POVERTY COUNTERFACTUAL DECLINE IN POVERTY DECOMPOSITION METHODOLOGY DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC SECTORS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS ERROR TERMS EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FAMILY MEMBERS FARM ACTIVITIES FARM ACTIVITY FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM SECTOR FARM WORKERS FARMERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PERFORMANCE HEAD COUNT RATIO HIGH VOLATILITY HIGHER INEQUALITY HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD HEADS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCREASED INVESTMENT INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LAND HOLDINGS MARGINAL VALUE MEAN VALUE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PER CAPITA GROWTH PER-CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY PERSPECTIVE POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POVERTY CHANGE POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DECLINE POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY GAP POVERTY HEAD POVERTY INDICATORS POVERTY INDICES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES RANDOM VARIABLES REAL GDP REDUCING POVERTY REDUCTION IN POVERTY REDUCTION OF POVERTY REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION REGIONAL ECONOMIES REGIONAL POVERTY REGIONAL STRUCTURE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE RELATIVE PRICES RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL INCOME SECTORAL COMPOSITION SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL SECURITY TOTAL OUTPUT URBAN AREAS VALUE ADDED WAGES Inchauste, Gabriela Winkler, Hernan Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan
geographic_facet	South Asia Pakistan
relation	World Bank Policy Paper Series on Pakistan;no. PK 12/12
description	This paper quantifies the contributions to distributional changes observed in Pakistan over the last decade. In contrast to methods that focus on aggregate summary statistics, the method adopted in this paper generates entire counterfactual distributions to account for the contributions of demographics, labor and non-labor incomes in explaining poverty reduction. The results show that the most important contributor was the growth in income. Moreover, this growth in income seems to be driven by returns to individual and household endowments, pointing to productivity increases as the driving force behind poverty reduction. Lower dependency ratios, transfers and remittances also contributed to poverty reduction, albeit to a smaller extent. Growth in productivity, particularly between 2001-02 and 2005-06 is consistent with estimates from aggregate accounts, which points to productivity growth led by movements of labor force away from agriculture and into industry and services. If the objective is to reach similar or accelerated poverty reduction and productivity growth going forward, increased investment in rural areas will be needed.
format	Publications & Research :: Working Paper
author	Inchauste, Gabriela Winkler, Hernan
author_facet	Inchauste, Gabriela Winkler, Hernan
author_sort	Inchauste, Gabriela
title	Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan
title_short	Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan
title_full	Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan
title_fullStr	Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed	Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan
title_sort	decomposing distributional changes in pakistan
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/19309507/decomposing-distributional-changes-pakistan http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17882
_version_	1764438653420961792

Decomposing Distributional Changes in Pakistan

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