The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development

Modern political economy stresses "society's polarization" as a determinant of development outcomes. Among the most common dorms of social conflict are class polarization, and ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus is defined...

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Main Author:	Easterly, William
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL BACKWARD PARTS BALANCED GROWTH BETTER HEALTH BLACK MARKET BLACK MARKET PREMIUM CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CITIZENS CIVIL WAR CLASS LINES CLASS POLARIZATION CLEAN WATER COMMUNITY INCOME INEQUALITY CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COVARIANCE MATRIX CROSS-COUNTRY DATA CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES CROSS-COUNTRY INCOME CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES DEBT DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT DISADVANTAGE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT SUCCESSES DISTRIBUTIVE GOODS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFECTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORIANS ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS LITERATURE EDUCATION SPENDING ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL SECTION EMPIRICAL WORK ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL ENDOGENOUS OUTCOMES ENDOGENOUS SEGREGATION ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ESTIMATION METHOD ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY EXOGENOUS COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS EXOGENOUS FACTORS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE EXTERNALITY FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FOREIGN AID GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DISADVANTAGE GROWTH GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH INCREASE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH INCOME INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DIFFERENCES INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EQUATION INCOME INCREASE INCOME QUINTILES INCOME REGRESSIONS INCOME SHARE INCOMES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INEQUALITY EQUATION INFANT MORTALITY INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL INTEREST GROUP LAND INEQUALITY LANDOWNERS LORD LEVELS OF INCOME LIFE EXPECTANCY LIQUIDITY LOCAL COMMUNITY LOCAL SCHOOL FINANCE LOG INCOME LOG INFLATION LONG RUN LONG-RUNNING CONFLICT LOW SHARE LOWER INCOME M2 MACROECONOMICS MASS EDUCATION MEDIAN VOTER MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS HYPOTHESIS MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY MIDDLE INCOME SHARE MIDDLE QUINTILES MILITARY MAN MINIMUM MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE NATIONAL POLICIES NEIGHBORHOOD EXTERNALITIES NEIGHBORHOOD SEGREGATION NEOCLASSICAL MODEL NON-OIL COMMODITY NON-OIL COMMODITY EXPORTERS OIL EXPORTING NATIONS OIL PRODUCTION OIL WINDFALL OIL-EXPORTING DUMMY OLD MIDDLE CLASS OLD STATE-SECTOR MIDDLE CLASS OLIGARCHIC ELITE OUTPUT COLLAPSE PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION PARSIMONIOUS REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL BLOCS POLITICAL COMMUNITY POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RIGHTS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL SCIENCE LITERATURE POOR GROWTH POOR POLICIES POVERTY RATE PRIMARY ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC SUPPORT REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL EXCHANGE RATE OVERVALUATION REDISTRIBUTIVE DEVICE RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECONDARY ENROLLMENT MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CLUBS SOCIAL CONFLICT SOCIAL DOMINANCE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SOCIAL OUTCOMES STANDARD DEVIATION TELEPHONES TRADE SHOCKS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/05/437389/middle-class-consensus-economic-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18849

id	okr-10986-18849
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL BACKWARD PARTS BALANCED GROWTH BETTER HEALTH BLACK MARKET BLACK MARKET PREMIUM CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CITIZENS CIVIL WAR CLASS LINES CLASS POLARIZATION CLEAN WATER COMMUNITY INCOME INEQUALITY CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COVARIANCE MATRIX CROSS-COUNTRY DATA CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES CROSS-COUNTRY INCOME CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES DEBT DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT DISADVANTAGE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT SUCCESSES DISTRIBUTIVE GOODS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFECTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORIANS ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS LITERATURE EDUCATION SPENDING ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL SECTION EMPIRICAL WORK ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL ENDOGENOUS OUTCOMES ENDOGENOUS SEGREGATION ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ESTIMATION METHOD ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY EXOGENOUS COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS EXOGENOUS FACTORS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE EXTERNALITY FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FOREIGN AID GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DISADVANTAGE GROWTH GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH INCREASE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH INCOME INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME INCOME DIFFERENCES INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EQUATION INCOME INCREASE INCOME QUINTILES INCOME REGRESSIONS INCOME SHARE INCOMES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INEQUALITY EQUATION INFANT MORTALITY INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL INTEREST GROUP LAND INEQUALITY LANDOWNERS LORD LEVELS OF INCOME LIFE EXPECTANCY LIQUIDITY LOCAL COMMUNITY LOCAL SCHOOL FINANCE LOG INCOME LOG INFLATION LONG RUN LONG-RUNNING CONFLICT LOW SHARE LOWER INCOME M2 MACROECONOMICS MASS EDUCATION MEDIAN VOTER MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS HYPOTHESIS MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY MIDDLE INCOME SHARE MIDDLE QUINTILES MILITARY MAN MINIMUM MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE NATIONAL POLICIES NEIGHBORHOOD EXTERNALITIES NEIGHBORHOOD SEGREGATION NEOCLASSICAL MODEL NON-OIL COMMODITY NON-OIL COMMODITY EXPORTERS OIL EXPORTING NATIONS OIL PRODUCTION OIL WINDFALL OIL-EXPORTING DUMMY OLD MIDDLE CLASS OLD STATE-SECTOR MIDDLE CLASS OLIGARCHIC ELITE OUTPUT COLLAPSE PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION PARSIMONIOUS REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL BLOCS POLITICAL COMMUNITY POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RIGHTS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL SCIENCE LITERATURE POOR GROWTH POOR POLICIES POVERTY RATE PRIMARY ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC SUPPORT REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL EXCHANGE RATE OVERVALUATION REDISTRIBUTIVE DEVICE RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECONDARY ENROLLMENT MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CLUBS SOCIAL CONFLICT SOCIAL DOMINANCE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SOCIAL OUTCOMES STANDARD DEVIATION TELEPHONES TRADE SHOCKS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE
spellingShingle	AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL BACKWARD PARTS BALANCED GROWTH BETTER HEALTH BLACK MARKET BLACK MARKET PREMIUM CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CITIZENS CIVIL WAR CLASS LINES CLASS POLARIZATION CLEAN WATER COMMUNITY INCOME INEQUALITY CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COVARIANCE MATRIX CROSS-COUNTRY DATA CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES CROSS-COUNTRY INCOME CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES DEBT DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT DISADVANTAGE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT SUCCESSES DISTRIBUTIVE GOODS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFECTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORIANS ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS LITERATURE EDUCATION SPENDING ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL SECTION EMPIRICAL WORK ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL ENDOGENOUS OUTCOMES ENDOGENOUS SEGREGATION ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ESTIMATION METHOD ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY EXOGENOUS COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS EXOGENOUS FACTORS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE EXTERNALITY FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FOREIGN AID GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DISADVANTAGE GROWTH GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH INCREASE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH INCOME INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME INCOME DIFFERENCES INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EQUATION INCOME INCREASE INCOME QUINTILES INCOME REGRESSIONS INCOME SHARE INCOMES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INEQUALITY EQUATION INFANT MORTALITY INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL INTEREST GROUP LAND INEQUALITY LANDOWNERS LORD LEVELS OF INCOME LIFE EXPECTANCY LIQUIDITY LOCAL COMMUNITY LOCAL SCHOOL FINANCE LOG INCOME LOG INFLATION LONG RUN LONG-RUNNING CONFLICT LOW SHARE LOWER INCOME M2 MACROECONOMICS MASS EDUCATION MEDIAN VOTER MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS HYPOTHESIS MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY MIDDLE INCOME SHARE MIDDLE QUINTILES MILITARY MAN MINIMUM MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE NATIONAL POLICIES NEIGHBORHOOD EXTERNALITIES NEIGHBORHOOD SEGREGATION NEOCLASSICAL MODEL NON-OIL COMMODITY NON-OIL COMMODITY EXPORTERS OIL EXPORTING NATIONS OIL PRODUCTION OIL WINDFALL OIL-EXPORTING DUMMY OLD MIDDLE CLASS OLD STATE-SECTOR MIDDLE CLASS OLIGARCHIC ELITE OUTPUT COLLAPSE PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION PARSIMONIOUS REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL BLOCS POLITICAL COMMUNITY POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RIGHTS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL SCIENCE LITERATURE POOR GROWTH POOR POLICIES POVERTY RATE PRIMARY ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC SUPPORT REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL EXCHANGE RATE OVERVALUATION REDISTRIBUTIVE DEVICE RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECONDARY ENROLLMENT MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CLUBS SOCIAL CONFLICT SOCIAL DOMINANCE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SOCIAL OUTCOMES STANDARD DEVIATION TELEPHONES TRADE SHOCKS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE Easterly, William The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2346
description	Modern political economy stresses "society's polarization" as a determinant of development outcomes. Among the most common dorms of social conflict are class polarization, and ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus is defined as a high share of income for the middle class and a low degree of ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus distinguishes development successes from failures. A theoretical model shows how groups - distinguished by class or ethnicity - will under-invest in human capital and infrastructure when there is "leakage" to another group. The author links the existence of a middle class consensus to exogenous country characteristics, such as resource endowments, along the lines of the provocative thesis of Engerman and Sokoloff (1997), that tropical commodity exporters are more unequal than other societies. The author confirms this hypothesis with cross-country data. This makes it possible to use resource endowments as instruments for inequality. A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization, are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social "modernization," and more democracy.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Easterly, William
author_facet	Easterly, William
author_sort	Easterly, William
title	The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development
title_short	The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development
title_full	The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development
title_fullStr	The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development
title_full_unstemmed	The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development
title_sort	middle class consensus and economic development
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/05/437389/middle-class-consensus-economic-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18849
_version_	1764441621912354816
spelling	okr-10986-188492021-04-23T14:03:46Z The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development Easterly, William AGRICULTURE AVERAGE LEVEL BACKWARD PARTS BALANCED GROWTH BETTER HEALTH BLACK MARKET BLACK MARKET PREMIUM CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL INVESTMENT CITIZENS CIVIL WAR CLASS LINES CLASS POLARIZATION CLEAN WATER COMMUNITY INCOME INEQUALITY CONSUMERS CORRUPTION COVARIANCE MATRIX CROSS-COUNTRY DATA CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES CROSS-COUNTRY INCOME CROSS-COUNTRY STUDIES DEBT DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENCES DEVELOPMENT DISADVANTAGE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES DEVELOPMENT REPORT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT SUCCESSES DISTRIBUTIVE GOODS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFECTS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORIANS ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS LITERATURE EDUCATION SPENDING ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPIRICAL GROWTH LITERATURE EMPIRICAL SECTION EMPIRICAL WORK ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL ENDOGENOUS OUTCOMES ENDOGENOUS SEGREGATION ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ESTIMATION METHOD ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY EXOGENOUS COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS EXOGENOUS FACTORS EXOGENOUS VARIABLE EXTERNALITY FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FOREIGN AID GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHIC DISADVANTAGE GROWTH GROWTH EFFECT GROWTH INCREASE GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH REGRESSION GROWTH REGRESSIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HEALTH SERVICES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH INCOME INEQUALITY HIGH INEQUALITY HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME INCOME DIFFERENCES INCOME DIFFERENTIALS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EQUATION INCOME INCREASE INCOME QUINTILES INCOME REGRESSIONS INCOME SHARE INCOMES INDUSTRIALIZATION INEQUALITY INEQUALITY EQUATION INFANT MORTALITY INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL INTEREST GROUP LAND INEQUALITY LANDOWNERS LORD LEVELS OF INCOME LIFE EXPECTANCY LIQUIDITY LOCAL COMMUNITY LOCAL SCHOOL FINANCE LOG INCOME LOG INFLATION LONG RUN LONG-RUNNING CONFLICT LOW SHARE LOWER INCOME M2 MACROECONOMICS MASS EDUCATION MEDIAN VOTER MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS MIDDLE CLASS CONSENSUS HYPOTHESIS MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SHARE MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY MIDDLE INCOME SHARE MIDDLE QUINTILES MILITARY MAN MINIMUM MIDDLE CLASS INCOME SHARE NATIONAL POLICIES NEIGHBORHOOD EXTERNALITIES NEIGHBORHOOD SEGREGATION NEOCLASSICAL MODEL NON-OIL COMMODITY NON-OIL COMMODITY EXPORTERS OIL EXPORTING NATIONS OIL PRODUCTION OIL WINDFALL OIL-EXPORTING DUMMY OLD MIDDLE CLASS OLD STATE-SECTOR MIDDLE CLASS OLIGARCHIC ELITE OUTPUT COLLAPSE PARSIMONIOUS EXPLANATION PARSIMONIOUS REGRESSIONS PER CAPITA GROWTH PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL BLOCS POLITICAL COMMUNITY POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RIGHTS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL SCIENCE LITERATURE POOR GROWTH POOR POLICIES POVERTY RATE PRIMARY ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC SUPPORT REAL EXCHANGE RATE REAL EXCHANGE RATE OVERVALUATION REDISTRIBUTIVE DEVICE RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS SECONDARY ENROLLMENT SECONDARY ENROLLMENT MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CLUBS SOCIAL CONFLICT SOCIAL DOMINANCE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE SOCIAL OUTCOMES STANDARD DEVIATION TELEPHONES TRADE SHOCKS UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE Modern political economy stresses "society's polarization" as a determinant of development outcomes. Among the most common dorms of social conflict are class polarization, and ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus is defined as a high share of income for the middle class and a low degree of ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus distinguishes development successes from failures. A theoretical model shows how groups - distinguished by class or ethnicity - will under-invest in human capital and infrastructure when there is "leakage" to another group. The author links the existence of a middle class consensus to exogenous country characteristics, such as resource endowments, along the lines of the provocative thesis of Engerman and Sokoloff (1997), that tropical commodity exporters are more unequal than other societies. The author confirms this hypothesis with cross-country data. This makes it possible to use resource endowments as instruments for inequality. A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization, are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social "modernization," and more democracy. 2014-06-30T19:07:50Z 2014-06-30T19:07:50Z 2000-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/05/437389/middle-class-consensus-economic-development http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18849 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2346 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research

The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development

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