Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda
This paper explores the determinants of the gender gap in income earnings in five Sub-Saharan countries: the Republic of Congo, Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania. It shows that first, self-employment tends to provide marginally lower average income (with the exception of Ghana and men in Rwan...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2014
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19724505/bridging-gap-identifying-holding-self-employed-women-back-ghana-rwanda-tanzania-republic-congo-uganda http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19378 |
| id |
okr-10986-19378 |
|---|---|
| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| spelling |
okr-10986-193782021-04-23T14:03:51Z Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda Nix, Emily Gamberoni, Elisa Heath, Rachel AGRICULTURE BUSINESS ECONOMICS COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS CONSUMERS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCOME EXPECTED VALUE FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE WAGE EMPLOYMENT FUTURE RESEARCH GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS HIGH INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GAP INCOME GAPS INCOMES INNOVATION LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR MARKET LIQUIDITY MUTUAL FUND OPTIMIZATION PRODUCTIVITY RISK AVERSE RISK AVERSION SAVINGS SMALL BUSINESS UNITED NATIONS WAGE WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE WAGES This paper explores the determinants of the gender gap in income earnings in five Sub-Saharan countries: the Republic of Congo, Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania. It shows that first, self-employment tends to provide marginally lower average income (with the exception of Ghana and men in Rwanda) and much higher variability in income compared with wage work. Women on average earn less than men when they are self-employed and in wage employment, but also have less volatile earnings. The analysis uses quantile decomposition methods and finds that the differences in observable choices and endowments explain the gender gap in earnings for the self-employed who earn the least while the gap for the most successful male and female entrepreneurs is largely driven by differences in returns to observable covariates in the majority of the countries. These results suggest a glass ceiling effect, wherein a large portion of the income gaps between high-earning men and women cannot be explained by observable characteristics. The paper concludes by looking at the variables that account for a larger portion of the gender gap explained by observable characteristics and finds that hours of work and industry explain a higher fraction compared with standard human capital and demographic factors such as age and education. 2014-08-15T18:29:55Z 2014-08-15T18:29:55Z 2014-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19724505/bridging-gap-identifying-holding-self-employed-women-back-ghana-rwanda-tanzania-republic-congo-uganda http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19378 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6946 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Africa Ghana Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Congo, Republic of |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
AGRICULTURE BUSINESS ECONOMICS COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS CONSUMERS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCOME EXPECTED VALUE FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE WAGE EMPLOYMENT FUTURE RESEARCH GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS HIGH INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GAP INCOME GAPS INCOMES INNOVATION LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR MARKET LIQUIDITY MUTUAL FUND OPTIMIZATION PRODUCTIVITY RISK AVERSE RISK AVERSION SAVINGS SMALL BUSINESS UNITED NATIONS WAGE WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE WAGES |
| spellingShingle |
AGRICULTURE BUSINESS ECONOMICS COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS CONSUMERS DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN EARNING ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCOME EXPECTED VALUE FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE WAGE EMPLOYMENT FUTURE RESEARCH GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS HIGH INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME GAP INCOME GAPS INCOMES INNOVATION LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR MARKET LIQUIDITY MUTUAL FUND OPTIMIZATION PRODUCTIVITY RISK AVERSE RISK AVERSION SAVINGS SMALL BUSINESS UNITED NATIONS WAGE WAGE GAP WAGE STRUCTURE WAGES Nix, Emily Gamberoni, Elisa Heath, Rachel Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda |
| geographic_facet |
Africa Ghana Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Congo, Republic of |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6946 |
| description |
This paper explores the determinants of the gender
gap in income earnings in five Sub-Saharan countries:
the Republic of Congo, Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, and
Tanzania. It shows that first, self-employment tends
to provide marginally lower average income (with the
exception of Ghana and men in Rwanda) and much
higher variability in income compared with wage work.
Women on average earn less than men when they
are self-employed and in wage employment, but also
have less volatile earnings. The analysis uses quantile
decomposition methods and finds that the differences in
observable choices and endowments explain the gender
gap in earnings for the self-employed who earn the least
while the gap for the most successful male and female
entrepreneurs is largely driven by differences in returns
to observable covariates in the majority of the countries.
These results suggest a glass ceiling effect, wherein a
large portion of the income gaps between high-earning
men and women cannot be explained by observable
characteristics. The paper concludes by looking at the
variables that account for a larger portion of the gender
gap explained by observable characteristics and finds that
hours of work and industry explain a higher fraction
compared with standard human capital and demographic
factors such as age and education. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Nix, Emily Gamberoni, Elisa Heath, Rachel |
| author_facet |
Nix, Emily Gamberoni, Elisa Heath, Rachel |
| author_sort |
Nix, Emily |
| title |
Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda |
| title_short |
Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda |
| title_full |
Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda |
| title_fullStr |
Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Bridging the Gap : Identifying What is Holding Self-Employed Women Back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda |
| title_sort |
bridging the gap : identifying what is holding self-employed women back in ghana, rwanda, tanzania, the republic of congo, and uganda |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19724505/bridging-gap-identifying-holding-self-employed-women-back-ghana-rwanda-tanzania-republic-congo-uganda http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19378 |
| _version_ |
1764443764902854656 |