Middle-Income Countries : Development Challenges and Growing Global Role

There has been much debate recently about the role of international development institutions, such as the World Bank in middle-income countries. Some observers have suggested that middle-income countries have reached a stage in their economic devel...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Fallon, Peter, Hon, Vivian, Qureshi, Zia, Ratha, Dilip
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ABATEMENT ACCOUNTABILITY AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AVERAGE INCOMES BACKWARD AREAS BACKWARD REGIONS BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BLEND COUNTRIES CAPITA INCOMES CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL MARKETS CARBON CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM COLLECTIVE ACTION COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY COMPETITION POLICIES CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORRUPTION CRIME CRISES DEBT DEFLATION DEREGULATION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPED WORLD DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC REFORMS EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS EXPORT GROWTH EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORTS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL SHOCKS EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL POLICIES FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FOREST MANAGEMENT FORESTRY GDP GDP PER CAPITA GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE GLOBAL INTEREST GLOBAL MARKETS GNP GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HEALTH PROBLEMS HEALTH SERVICES HIGH GROWTH HIGH POVERTY IMPROVING GOVERNANCE INCOME INEQUALITY INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL REFORM INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKETS LIVING STANDARDS LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT MACROECONOMIC POLICIES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARKET FAILURES MARKET LIBERALIZATION MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLIES NATIONAL POVERTY NEGATIVE EFFECT OIL PENSION SYSTEM PER CAPITA INCOME PER- CAPITA INCOME PER-CAPITA INCOME POLICY AREAS POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK POLICY FRONT POLICY REFORMS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY REVIEW POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE TRANSFERS PRO-POOR PRO-POOR GROWTH PRODUCERS PRODUCT MARKETS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC GOVERNANCE PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT PUBLIC SERVICES PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REAL WAGES REDUCING POVERTY REGIONAL GROUPINGS REGIONAL INEQUALITY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RISK MANAGEMENT RULE OF LAW RURAL AREAS RURAL POVERTY SAFETY NETS SECTORAL POLICIES SOCIAL INDICATORS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECTORS SOCIAL SECURITY STATE ENTERPRISES STATE INTERVENTION STRUCTURAL POLICIES TERMS OF TRADE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE SHOCKS TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSPARENCY UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN HOUSEHOLDS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/08/1561470/middle-income-countries-development-challenges-growing-global-role http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19566

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Summary:	There has been much debate recently about the role of international development institutions, such as the World Bank in middle-income countries. Some observers have suggested that middle-income countries have reached a stage in their economic development that calls into question the rationale for development institutions' continued engagement in these countries. But the authors find that middle-income countries continue to face significant development challenges. The nature of these challenges varies substantially, but all of these countries face an agenda calling for continued partnership with the international development community. Middle-income countries still have high levels of poverty. They are home to more than three-quarters of the world's poor (those living on less than U$S 2 a day). Poverty is pervasive in some middle-income countries, while in others the problem is one of major concentrations of poverty in backward areas. And recent crises have revealed the fragility of some of the gains against poverty in these countries. On the policy front, some countries have made great strides in reform, but many lag considerable behind, and even among the advanced reformers, the unfinished policy agenda is substantial. The countries' institutional capacity to manage reform varies greatly. So does their integration with the global economy. Many middle-income countries still have little access to international capital markets, and even those with better access, must contend with volatility in private capital flows. Beyond the need to assist middle-income countries in addressing these challenges, the case for continued engagement by international development institutions, derives from the increasing importance of these countries for a range of global public goods. With their growing role, and integration in the global economy, partnership with middle-income countries is a key element of global collective action, in such areas as reducing global poverty, maintaining international financial stability, improving global economic governance, protecting the global environmental commons, and fighting systemic health threats.

Middle-Income Countries : Development Challenges and Growing Global Role

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