Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
Before reform, China's trade was dominated by a few foreign trade corporations with monopolies on the trade of specific ranges of products. Planners could control imports through these corporations so there was little need for conventional ins...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2014
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/06/1490130/trade-liberalization-chinas-accession-world-trade-organization http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19606 |
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okr-10986-19606 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESSION ACCESSION AGREEMENT ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS ACCESSION PACKAGE ACCESSION PROCESS ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ACCESSION TO WTO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIES AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SECTORS AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICIES AGRICULTURE APPAREL APPAREL EXPORTS APPAREL PRODUCTS APPAREL SECTOR AUTOMOBILE SECTOR AVERAGE AVERAGE TARIFF AVERAGE TARIFFS BARLEY BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENEFICIAL IMPACT BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL STOCK COAL COMMAND ECONOMY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CUSTOMS CUSTOMS VALUATION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC DEMAND DUTY EXEMPTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT QUOTAS EXPORT SECTORS EXPORT TAX EXPORT TAX EQUIVALENTS EXPORT VOLUMES EXPORTERS FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FORECASTS FOREIGN ENTERPRISES FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN TRADE FREE TRADE GRAIN TRADE GROUPS OF COMMODITIES GROWTH RATE HIGH IMPORT DUTIES HIGH TRADE BARRIERS HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT DUTIES IMPORT MARKETS INCOME INCOME ELASTICITIES INCOME GROWTH INCREASED COMPETITION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL MARKETS LABOR- INTENSIVE LABOR-INTENSIVE MARKET ACCESS MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES METALS MONOPOLIES NEGATIVE PROTECTION NET EXPORTER NONTARIFF BARRIERS OIL OPENNESS PARTIAL LIBERALIZATION POLICY MAKERS POLICY REFORMS POVERTY REDUCTION PROCESS OF LIBERALIZATION PRODUCERS PRODUCT PRICES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION RATES PROTECTIVE IMPACT QUOTA IMPORTS QUOTA TARIFF RATES OF PROTECTION REAL EXCHANGE RATE RESOURCE ALLOCATION ROUND AGREEMENT SHARE OF WORLD EXPORTS STATE TRADING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATUTORY TARIFF STATUTORY TARIFF RATES STRUCTURAL CHANGE TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF BINDINGS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF PROTECTION TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATE QUOTAS TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFFS TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TIMBER TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TOURISM TRADE TRADE COSTS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTS TRADE POLICY REFORM TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE REGIME TRADE REGIMES TRADE RIGHTS TRADE VOLUME TRADING PARTNERS TRADING RIGHTS TRADING SYSTEM TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSITION PERIOD TRIPS AGREEMENT UNSKILLED WORKERS URUGUAY ROUND VALUE ADDED WAGES WELFARE GAINS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO WTO ACCESSION WTO AGREEMENT WTO COMMITMENTS WTO MEMBERS |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESSION ACCESSION AGREEMENT ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS ACCESSION PACKAGE ACCESSION PROCESS ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ACCESSION TO WTO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIES AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SECTORS AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICIES AGRICULTURE APPAREL APPAREL EXPORTS APPAREL PRODUCTS APPAREL SECTOR AUTOMOBILE SECTOR AVERAGE AVERAGE TARIFF AVERAGE TARIFFS BARLEY BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENEFICIAL IMPACT BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL STOCK COAL COMMAND ECONOMY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CUSTOMS CUSTOMS VALUATION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC DEMAND DUTY EXEMPTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT QUOTAS EXPORT SECTORS EXPORT TAX EXPORT TAX EQUIVALENTS EXPORT VOLUMES EXPORTERS FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FORECASTS FOREIGN ENTERPRISES FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN TRADE FREE TRADE GRAIN TRADE GROUPS OF COMMODITIES GROWTH RATE HIGH IMPORT DUTIES HIGH TRADE BARRIERS HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT DUTIES IMPORT MARKETS INCOME INCOME ELASTICITIES INCOME GROWTH INCREASED COMPETITION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL MARKETS LABOR- INTENSIVE LABOR-INTENSIVE MARKET ACCESS MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES METALS MONOPOLIES NEGATIVE PROTECTION NET EXPORTER NONTARIFF BARRIERS OIL OPENNESS PARTIAL LIBERALIZATION POLICY MAKERS POLICY REFORMS POVERTY REDUCTION PROCESS OF LIBERALIZATION PRODUCERS PRODUCT PRICES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION RATES PROTECTIVE IMPACT QUOTA IMPORTS QUOTA TARIFF RATES OF PROTECTION REAL EXCHANGE RATE RESOURCE ALLOCATION ROUND AGREEMENT SHARE OF WORLD EXPORTS STATE TRADING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATUTORY TARIFF STATUTORY TARIFF RATES STRUCTURAL CHANGE TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF BINDINGS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF PROTECTION TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATE QUOTAS TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFFS TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TIMBER TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TOURISM TRADE TRADE COSTS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTS TRADE POLICY REFORM TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE REGIME TRADE REGIMES TRADE RIGHTS TRADE VOLUME TRADING PARTNERS TRADING RIGHTS TRADING SYSTEM TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSITION PERIOD TRIPS AGREEMENT UNSKILLED WORKERS URUGUAY ROUND VALUE ADDED WAGES WELFARE GAINS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO WTO ACCESSION WTO AGREEMENT WTO COMMITMENTS WTO MEMBERS Ianchovichina, Elena Martin, Will Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific China |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2623 |
| description |
Before reform, China's trade was
dominated by a few foreign trade corporations with
monopolies on the trade of specific ranges of products.
Planners could control imports through these corporations so
there was little need for conventional instruments such as
tariffs, quotas, and licenses. Trade reforms increased the
range of enterprises eligible to trade in specific
commodities and led to the development of indirect new trade
instruments, such as duty exemptions. Duty exemptions almost
completely liberalized the imports of intermediate inputs
used to produce exports and investment goods used in joint
ventures with foreign enterprises. Comprehensive
liberalization measures in China's World Trade
Organization (WTO) accession package will help ease this
problem as tariff reduction reduces the costs of domestic
inputs to exporters. WTO commitments will also lead to the
abolition of most nontariff barriers and of quotas on
textiles and clothing. With accession, China's share of
world exports may almost double between 1995 and 2005 - an
estimate that is smaller than those found in studies that do
not incorporate duty exemptions. (Duty exemptions were a
form of partial liberalization, so any further reduction in
protection will boost trade volume less than some estimate.)
With reform, labor-intensive industries are expected to grow
most, especially exports of apparel. Wages of unskilled
worker should rise. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Ianchovichina, Elena Martin, Will |
| author_facet |
Ianchovichina, Elena Martin, Will |
| author_sort |
Ianchovichina, Elena |
| title |
Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization |
| title_short |
Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization |
| title_full |
Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization |
| title_fullStr |
Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization |
| title_sort |
trade liberalization in china's accession to the world trade organization |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/06/1490130/trade-liberalization-chinas-accession-world-trade-organization http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19606 |
| _version_ |
1764440152923439104 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-196062021-04-23T14:03:43Z Trade Liberalization in China's Accession to the World Trade Organization Ianchovichina, Elena Martin, Will ACCESSION ACCESSION AGREEMENT ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS ACCESSION PACKAGE ACCESSION PROCESS ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ACCESSION TO WTO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIES AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL SECTORS AGRICULTURAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICIES AGRICULTURE APPAREL APPAREL EXPORTS APPAREL PRODUCTS APPAREL SECTOR AUTOMOBILE SECTOR AVERAGE AVERAGE TARIFF AVERAGE TARIFFS BARLEY BASE YEAR BENCHMARK BENEFICIAL IMPACT BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS CAPITAL GOODS CAPITAL STOCK COAL COMMAND ECONOMY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CUSTOMS CUSTOMS VALUATION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC DEMAND DUTY EXEMPTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE RATES EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT PROCESSING EXPORT QUOTAS EXPORT SECTORS EXPORT TAX EXPORT TAX EQUIVALENTS EXPORT VOLUMES EXPORTERS FACTOR ENDOWMENTS FORECASTS FOREIGN ENTERPRISES FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN TRADE FREE TRADE GRAIN TRADE GROUPS OF COMMODITIES GROWTH RATE HIGH IMPORT DUTIES HIGH TRADE BARRIERS HUMAN CAPITAL IMPORT DUTIES IMPORT MARKETS INCOME INCOME ELASTICITIES INCOME GROWTH INCREASED COMPETITION INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL MARKETS LABOR- INTENSIVE LABOR-INTENSIVE MARKET ACCESS MARKET LIBERALIZATION MARKET PRICES METALS MONOPOLIES NEGATIVE PROTECTION NET EXPORTER NONTARIFF BARRIERS OIL OPENNESS PARTIAL LIBERALIZATION POLICY MAKERS POLICY REFORMS POVERTY REDUCTION PROCESS OF LIBERALIZATION PRODUCERS PRODUCT PRICES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION RATES PROTECTIVE IMPACT QUOTA IMPORTS QUOTA TARIFF RATES OF PROTECTION REAL EXCHANGE RATE RESOURCE ALLOCATION ROUND AGREEMENT SHARE OF WORLD EXPORTS STATE TRADING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STATUTORY TARIFF STATUTORY TARIFF RATES STRUCTURAL CHANGE TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF BINDINGS TARIFF EQUIVALENTS TARIFF PROTECTION TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATE QUOTAS TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFFS TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TIMBER TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TOURISM TRADE TRADE COSTS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTS TRADE POLICY REFORM TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE REGIME TRADE REGIMES TRADE RIGHTS TRADE VOLUME TRADING PARTNERS TRADING RIGHTS TRADING SYSTEM TRANSITION ECONOMIES TRANSITION PERIOD TRIPS AGREEMENT UNSKILLED WORKERS URUGUAY ROUND VALUE ADDED WAGES WELFARE GAINS WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO WTO ACCESSION WTO AGREEMENT WTO COMMITMENTS WTO MEMBERS Before reform, China's trade was dominated by a few foreign trade corporations with monopolies on the trade of specific ranges of products. Planners could control imports through these corporations so there was little need for conventional instruments such as tariffs, quotas, and licenses. Trade reforms increased the range of enterprises eligible to trade in specific commodities and led to the development of indirect new trade instruments, such as duty exemptions. Duty exemptions almost completely liberalized the imports of intermediate inputs used to produce exports and investment goods used in joint ventures with foreign enterprises. Comprehensive liberalization measures in China's World Trade Organization (WTO) accession package will help ease this problem as tariff reduction reduces the costs of domestic inputs to exporters. WTO commitments will also lead to the abolition of most nontariff barriers and of quotas on textiles and clothing. With accession, China's share of world exports may almost double between 1995 and 2005 - an estimate that is smaller than those found in studies that do not incorporate duty exemptions. (Duty exemptions were a form of partial liberalization, so any further reduction in protection will boost trade volume less than some estimate.) With reform, labor-intensive industries are expected to grow most, especially exports of apparel. Wages of unskilled worker should rise. 2014-08-21T20:19:01Z 2014-08-21T20:19:01Z 2001-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/06/1490130/trade-liberalization-chinas-accession-world-trade-organization http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19606 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 2623 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research East Asia and Pacific China |