The Loch Ness Model : Can ICTs Bridge the Accountability Gap?

Can information and communication technologies (ICTs) empower through participation, transparency, and accountability and if so, under which conditions? Theory and practice demonstrate that technologies can empower citizens to hold governments and...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Gigler, Bjorn-Soren, Bailur, Savita, Anand, Nicole
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO INFORMATION LAW ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY ACCOUNTABILITY ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ADVERTISING BROADBAND BROADCASTS BUREAUCRACIES BUSINESSES CAPABILITIES CAPABILITY CAPACITY BUILDING CATALYTIC ROLE CELL PHONES CELLULAR SERVICE CERTIFICATE CITIZEN CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT CITIZEN FEEDBACK CITIZEN INFORMATION CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT CITIZEN PARTICIPATION CIVIC ENGAGEMENT CIVIC LEADERS CIVIC LIFE CIVIC PARTICIPATION CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS COLLABORATION COLLECTIVE ACTION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY MEMBERS CONNECTIVITY CONTENT CREATION COPYRIGHT CORRUPTION ISSUES DATA COLLECTION DECISION MAKING DECISION MAKING PROCESSES DECISION-MAKING DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DIGITAL AGE DIGITAL DEMOCRACY DIGITAL DIVIDE DIGITAL EXCLUSION DIGITAL GOVERNMENT E-DEMOCRACY E-GOVERNMENT E-GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS E-MAIL E-READINESS EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT END USERS EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FLOW OF INFORMATION FOREIGN AID GENERAL PUBLIC GLOBAL GOVERNANCE GOOD GOVERNANCE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES GOVERNMENT DATA GOVERNMENT INFORMATION GOVERNMENT INFORMATION QUARTERLY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT SERVICE GOVERNMENT SERVICE DELIVERY GOVERNMENT TO CITIZENS GROUP MEETINGS HARDWARE HUMAN CAPACITIES HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ICT INCOME INFORMATION FLOWS INFORMATION POVERTY INFORMATION SHARING INFORMATION SOCIETY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS INSPECTIONS INSTANT ACCESS INSTITUTION INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS KIOSKS LEARNING LEGAL FRAMEWORK LEGAL SYSTEM LICENSES LIMITED ACCESS LITERACY LOCAL COMMUNITY MATERIAL MEDIA MOBILE PHONE MOBILE PHONES MONITORING TOOL NATIONAL SECURITY NETWORKS NEW TECHNOLOGIES NEXT GENERATION ONLINE COMMUNITIES ONLINE COMMUNITY OPEN ACCESS OPEN DEVELOPMENT OPEN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PENETRATION RATE PETTY CORRUPTION PHONE CALLS PHONES PHYSICAL PRESENCE POLICY MAKING POLITICAL AUTHORITY POLITICAL BARRIERS POLITICAL COMMITMENT POLITICAL COMMUNICATION POLITICAL DEBATE POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL REFORMS POLITICAL SYSTEM POLITICAL WILL PRIVACY PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW PUBLIC INFORMATION PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY PUBLIC SERVICES QUERIES RADIO REAL-TIME DATA REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT RESULT RESULTS SELF-HELP SERVICE PROVIDER SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SILOS SOCIAL ACTION SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGY TOOLS TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELEPHONE TELEVISION TIMELY ACCESS TRADITIONAL MEDIA TRANSACTION TRANSPARENCY TRANSPARENT GOVERNMENT TRUST BETWEEN CITIZENS TRUST IN GOVERNMENT UNIVERSAL DEFINITION USAGE LEVELS USE OF INFORMATION USER USERS USES YOUTH
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/01/20148327/loch-ness-model-can-icts-bridge-accountability-gap http://hdl.handle.net/10986/20113

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Summary:	Can information and communication technologies (ICTs) empower through participation, transparency, and accountability and if so, under which conditions? Theory and practice demonstrate that technologies can empower citizens to hold governments and international donors accountable, but true accountability will only result from recognizing the gap between supply (governments, international donors, service providers) and demand (citizens, civil society organizations, communities) and considering how to bridge it from both sides. ICT-enabled initiatives have contributed to shrinking this accountability gap, yet in many cases, it remains open. In this paper, the authors develop a framework for analyzing how technologies can accelerate efforts to close the gap, which the authors call the loch ness model. The authors offer reasons why the gap remains open and put forth recommendations for closing it.

The Loch Ness Model : Can ICTs Bridge the Accountability Gap?

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