The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil

This paper investigates gender differences in the impact of Brazil's trade liberalization on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of trade reforms, the paper uses difference-in-difference estimation exploiting variation...

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Main Authors:	Gaddis, Isis, Pieters, Janneke
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank Group, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	AGGREGATE ANALYSES AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS APPAREL AVERAGE TARIFF CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN TRADE CHILD LABOR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADE COUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORS CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS UNION DEBT CRISES DECLINING UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION DISPLACED WORKERS DISPLACEMENT DIVISION OF LABOR EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES EXPORT ORIENTATION EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTS EXTERNAL TARIFF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE WORKERS FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN PRODUCTS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER SEGREGATION GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GIRLS GLOBALIZATION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF TRADE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IMPACT OF TRADE REFORMS IMPORT PENETRATION IMPORT TARIFF IMPORT TARIFFS INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INNOVATION INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MOVEMENTS LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LOCAL LABOR MARKET LOCAL LABOR MARKETS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET ACCESS MEASURE OF TRADE METAL PRODUCTS MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS OCCUPATIONS PERMANENT JOBS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRESENT ANALYSIS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTIONIST RATES OF PROTECTION REDUCTION IN TARIFFS REGIONAL TRADE SECONDARY SCHOOLING SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SKILL GROUP SKILLED WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF CHANGES TARIFF DATA TARIFF DISPERSION TARIFF LEVELS TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFF STRUCTURE TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE ADJUSTMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE BLOC TRADE FLOWS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION PERIOD TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY REVIEW TRADE PROTECTION TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE RESTRICTIONS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WORKER WORKERS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/11/20365307/gendered-labor-market-impacts-trade-liberalization-evidence-brazil http://hdl.handle.net/10986/20621

id	okr-10986-20621
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-206212021-04-23T14:03:59Z The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil Gaddis, Isis Pieters, Janneke AGGREGATE ANALYSES AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS APPAREL AVERAGE TARIFF CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN TRADE CHILD LABOR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADE COUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORS CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS UNION DEBT CRISES DECLINING UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION DISPLACED WORKERS DISPLACEMENT DIVISION OF LABOR EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES EXPORT ORIENTATION EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTS EXTERNAL TARIFF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE WORKERS FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN PRODUCTS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER SEGREGATION GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GIRLS GLOBALIZATION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF TRADE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IMPACT OF TRADE REFORMS IMPORT PENETRATION IMPORT TARIFF IMPORT TARIFFS INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INNOVATION INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MOVEMENTS LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LOCAL LABOR MARKET LOCAL LABOR MARKETS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET ACCESS MEASURE OF TRADE METAL PRODUCTS MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS OCCUPATIONS PERMANENT JOBS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRESENT ANALYSIS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTIONIST RATES OF PROTECTION REDUCTION IN TARIFFS REGIONAL TRADE SECONDARY SCHOOLING SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SKILL GROUP SKILLED WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF CHANGES TARIFF DATA TARIFF DISPERSION TARIFF LEVELS TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFF STRUCTURE TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE ADJUSTMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE BLOC TRADE FLOWS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION PERIOD TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY REVIEW TRADE PROTECTION TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE RESTRICTIONS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WORKER WORKERS This paper investigates gender differences in the impact of Brazil's trade liberalization on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of trade reforms, the paper uses difference-in-difference estimation exploiting variation across microregions in pre-liberalization industry composition. The analysis finds that trade liberalization reduced male and female labor force participation and employment rates, but the effects on men were significantly larger. Thereby, tariff reductions contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates. Gender differences are concentrated among the low-skilled population and in the tradable sector, where male and female workers are most likely to be imperfect substitutes. 2014-12-03T16:45:29Z 2014-12-03T16:45:29Z 2014-11 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/11/20365307/gendered-labor-market-impacts-trade-liberalization-evidence-brazil http://hdl.handle.net/10986/20621 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7095 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Group, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Latin America & Caribbean Brazil
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AGGREGATE ANALYSES AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS APPAREL AVERAGE TARIFF CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN TRADE CHILD LABOR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADE COUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORS CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS UNION DEBT CRISES DECLINING UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION DISPLACED WORKERS DISPLACEMENT DIVISION OF LABOR EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES EXPORT ORIENTATION EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTS EXTERNAL TARIFF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE WORKERS FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN PRODUCTS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER SEGREGATION GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GIRLS GLOBALIZATION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF TRADE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IMPACT OF TRADE REFORMS IMPORT PENETRATION IMPORT TARIFF IMPORT TARIFFS INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INNOVATION INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MOVEMENTS LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LOCAL LABOR MARKET LOCAL LABOR MARKETS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET ACCESS MEASURE OF TRADE METAL PRODUCTS MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS OCCUPATIONS PERMANENT JOBS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRESENT ANALYSIS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTIONIST RATES OF PROTECTION REDUCTION IN TARIFFS REGIONAL TRADE SECONDARY SCHOOLING SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SKILL GROUP SKILLED WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF CHANGES TARIFF DATA TARIFF DISPERSION TARIFF LEVELS TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFF STRUCTURE TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE ADJUSTMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE BLOC TRADE FLOWS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION PERIOD TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY REVIEW TRADE PROTECTION TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE RESTRICTIONS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WORKER WORKERS
spellingShingle	AGGREGATE ANALYSES AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS APPAREL AVERAGE TARIFF CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHANGES IN TRADE CHILD LABOR COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF TRADE COUNTRY-SPECIFIC FACTORS CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS UNION DEBT CRISES DECLINING UNEMPLOYMENT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISCRIMINATION DISPLACED WORKERS DISPLACEMENT DIVISION OF LABOR EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES EXPORT ORIENTATION EXPORT PROMOTION EXPORT SECTORS EXPORTS EXTERNAL TARIFF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE WORKERS FIRM PRODUCTIVITY FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN PRODUCTS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER IMPLICATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER SEGREGATION GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GIRLS GLOBALIZATION HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES IMPACT OF TRADE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IMPACT OF TRADE REFORMS IMPORT PENETRATION IMPORT TARIFF IMPORT TARIFFS INCOME INCOME INEQUALITY INNOVATION INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE JOB LOSSES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MOVEMENTS LABOR ORGANIZATION LABOR REALLOCATION LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LOCAL LABOR MARKET LOCAL LABOR MARKETS MALE WORKERS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET ACCESS MEASURE OF TRADE METAL PRODUCTS MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS NON-TARIFF BARRIERS NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS OCCUPATIONS PERMANENT JOBS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRESENT ANALYSIS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKETS PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTIONIST RATES OF PROTECTION REDUCTION IN TARIFFS REGIONAL TRADE SECONDARY SCHOOLING SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOR SKILL GROUP SKILLED WOMEN SKILLED WORKERS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF BARRIERS TARIFF CHANGES TARIFF DATA TARIFF DISPERSION TARIFF LEVELS TARIFF RATE TARIFF RATES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REFORM TARIFF STRUCTURE TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE ADJUSTMENT TRADE BARRIERS TRADE BLOC TRADE FLOWS TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION PERIOD TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE OPENNESS TRADE POLICY TRADE POLICY REVIEW TRADE PROTECTION TRADE REFORM TRADE REFORMS TRADE RESTRICTIONS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WORKER WORKERS Gaddis, Isis Pieters, Janneke The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil
geographic_facet	Latin America & Caribbean Brazil
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7095
description	This paper investigates gender differences in the impact of Brazil's trade liberalization on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of trade reforms, the paper uses difference-in-difference estimation exploiting variation across microregions in pre-liberalization industry composition. The analysis finds that trade liberalization reduced male and female labor force participation and employment rates, but the effects on men were significantly larger. Thereby, tariff reductions contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates. Gender differences are concentrated among the low-skilled population and in the tradable sector, where male and female workers are most likely to be imperfect substitutes.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Gaddis, Isis Pieters, Janneke
author_facet	Gaddis, Isis Pieters, Janneke
author_sort	Gaddis, Isis
title	The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil
title_short	The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil
title_full	The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil
title_fullStr	The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil
title_full_unstemmed	The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil
title_sort	gendered labor market impacts of trade liberalization : evidence from brazil
publisher	World Bank Group, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/11/20365307/gendered-labor-market-impacts-trade-liberalization-evidence-brazil http://hdl.handle.net/10986/20621
_version_	1764446857516285952

The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization : Evidence from Brazil

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