Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC

By increasing access to finance for out-of-reach households and families, microfinance continues to be an essential tool for improving livelihoods at the base of the pyramid. The last 20 years have seen remarkable growth in the microfinance sector....

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: International Finance Corporation
Format: Book
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank Group, Washington, DC 2015
Subjects:
MFI
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/01/24171745/small-beginnings-great-opportunities-lessons-learned-20-years-microfinance-projects-ifc
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21795
id okr-10986-21795
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES
ACCESS TO FINANCING
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
AFFILIATES
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING
AUDITING
BALANCE SHEET
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK ASSETS
BANK CREDIT
BANK GUARANTEES
BANK LOAN
BANK LOANS
BANKING LAW
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BORROWING
BORROWINGS
BUSINESS LOANS
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
CASH FLOW
CENTRAL BANKS
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LENDING
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CONSUMER PROTECTION
CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT
CONVENTIONAL BANK
CONVENTIONAL BANKS
CONVENTIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
COUNTRY COMPARISONS
CREDIT BUREAU
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM
CREDIT LINES
CREDIT PROVIDERS
CREDIT REGISTRY
CREDIT REPORT
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT RISK
CREDIT SCORES
CREDITS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNTS
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
DEBT
DEBT BURDEN
DEPOSIT
DEPOSITS
DEVELOPMENT CENTER
DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
DONOR FUNDING
DONOR RESOURCES
DONOR SUPPORT
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYER
EMPLOYERS
ENTREPRENEURS
EQUITY REQUIREMENTS
EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL AUDITORS
FAIR LENDING
FINANCE COMPANIES
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCIAL COSTS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL LEASING
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL REGULATOR
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS
FINANCIAL SERVICES PROVIDERS
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FOREIGN ASSETS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN CURRENCIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR
FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES
FREE LOANS
FUNDING SOURCES
GOVERNMENT FUNDING
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
GUARANTORS
HOUSEHOLD WELFARE
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING LOANS
INCOME GROUP
INCOME STATEMENTS
INCOME TAX
INCOME-GENERATING PROJECT
INCOME-GENERATING PROJECTS
INDEBTEDNESS
INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION GAP
INFORMATION SHARING
INSIDER LENDING
INSURANCE
INSURANCE POLICY
INSURANCE SERVICES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INVENTORY
LAWS
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL PROVISION
LEGAL REQUIREMENT
LEGISLATION
LENDERS
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID ASSETS
LOAN
LOAN AMOUNT
LOAN AMOUNTS
LOAN CLASSIFICATION
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN CONTRACTS
LOAN DELINQUENCY
LOAN DOCUMENTATION
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOAN PROCESSING
LOAN PROCESSING TIME
LOAN PROGRAM
LOAN PROVISIONING
LOAN RECOVERY
LOAN SIZE
LOAN TERMS
LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS
MARKET VALUE
MAXIMUM LOAN AMOUNT
MFI
MFIS
MICRO-ENTERPRISES
MICRO-LENDING
MICROCREDIT
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS
MONETARY POLICY
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
MONEY TRANSFERS
MOVABLE COLLATERAL
NEW ENTRANTS
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATIONAL COSTS
OUTREACH
OVERDRAFT
PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS
PAYMENT SERVICE
POSTAL SAVING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE LENDER
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PROPENSITY TO SAVE
PROVIDERS OF CREDIT
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS
PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC FUNDS
REAL ESTATE
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENT PERIOD
REPAYMENT RATES
RESERVE REQUIREMENT
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK OF LOSS
SAVINGS
SAVINGS BEHAVIOR
SECURITIES
SMALL BUSINESSES
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
SOURCE OF CREDIT
SOURCES OF CREDIT
SOURCES OF FUNDS
STOCK MARKET
SUBSIDIARIES
TAX EXEMPTIONS
TERMS OF LOAN
TRADE CREDITS
TRADE VOLUME
TRANSPARENT MARKET
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNFAIR COMPETITION
URBAN AREAS
USURY
WHOLESALE FUNDING
WOMAN
WORKING CAPITAL
spellingShingle ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES
ACCESS TO FINANCING
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
AFFILIATES
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING
AUDITING
BALANCE SHEET
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK ASSETS
BANK CREDIT
BANK GUARANTEES
BANK LOAN
BANK LOANS
BANKING LAW
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BORROWING
BORROWINGS
BUSINESS LOANS
CAPACITY BUILDING
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
CASH FLOW
CENTRAL BANKS
COLLATERAL
COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMERCIAL LENDING
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CONSUMER PROTECTION
CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT
CONVENTIONAL BANK
CONVENTIONAL BANKS
CONVENTIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
COUNTRY COMPARISONS
CREDIT BUREAU
CREDIT BUREAUS
CREDIT INFORMATION
CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM
CREDIT LINES
CREDIT PROVIDERS
CREDIT REGISTRY
CREDIT REPORT
CREDIT REPORTING
CREDIT RISK
CREDIT SCORES
CREDITS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNTS
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
DEBT
DEBT BURDEN
DEPOSIT
DEPOSITS
DEVELOPMENT CENTER
DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
DONOR FUNDING
DONOR RESOURCES
DONOR SUPPORT
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYER
EMPLOYERS
ENTREPRENEURS
EQUITY REQUIREMENTS
EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL AUDITORS
FAIR LENDING
FINANCE COMPANIES
FINANCE COMPANY
FINANCIAL COSTS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL LEASING
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
FINANCIAL REGULATOR
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS
FINANCIAL SERVICES PROVIDERS
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FOREIGN ASSETS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN CURRENCIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR
FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES
FREE LOANS
FUNDING SOURCES
GOVERNMENT FUNDING
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
GUARANTORS
HOUSEHOLD WELFARE
HOUSEHOLDS
HOUSING LOANS
INCOME GROUP
INCOME STATEMENTS
INCOME TAX
INCOME-GENERATING PROJECT
INCOME-GENERATING PROJECTS
INDEBTEDNESS
INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITY
INFORMATION GAP
INFORMATION SHARING
INSIDER LENDING
INSURANCE
INSURANCE POLICY
INSURANCE SERVICES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INVENTORY
LAWS
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL PROVISION
LEGAL REQUIREMENT
LEGISLATION
LENDERS
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID ASSETS
LOAN
LOAN AMOUNT
LOAN AMOUNTS
LOAN CLASSIFICATION
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN CONTRACTS
LOAN DELINQUENCY
LOAN DOCUMENTATION
LOAN PORTFOLIO
LOAN PORTFOLIOS
LOAN PROCESSING
LOAN PROCESSING TIME
LOAN PROGRAM
LOAN PROVISIONING
LOAN RECOVERY
LOAN SIZE
LOAN TERMS
LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS
MARKET VALUE
MAXIMUM LOAN AMOUNT
MFI
MFIS
MICRO-ENTERPRISES
MICRO-LENDING
MICROCREDIT
MICROFINANCE
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION
MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS
MONETARY POLICY
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
MONEY TRANSFERS
MOVABLE COLLATERAL
NEW ENTRANTS
OPERATING COSTS
OPERATIONAL COSTS
OUTREACH
OVERDRAFT
PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS
PAYMENT SERVICE
POSTAL SAVING
PRIVATE BANKS
PRIVATE CREDIT
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE LENDER
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PROPENSITY TO SAVE
PROVIDERS OF CREDIT
PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS
PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
PUBLIC CREDIT
PUBLIC FUNDS
REAL ESTATE
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REPAYMENT
REPAYMENT PERIOD
REPAYMENT RATES
RESERVE REQUIREMENT
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK OF LOSS
SAVINGS
SAVINGS BEHAVIOR
SECURITIES
SMALL BUSINESSES
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
SOURCE OF CREDIT
SOURCES OF CREDIT
SOURCES OF FUNDS
STOCK MARKET
SUBSIDIARIES
TAX EXEMPTIONS
TERMS OF LOAN
TRADE CREDITS
TRADE VOLUME
TRANSPARENT MARKET
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNFAIR COMPETITION
URBAN AREAS
USURY
WHOLESALE FUNDING
WOMAN
WORKING CAPITAL
International Finance Corporation
Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC
relation IFC SmartLessons;
description By increasing access to finance for out-of-reach households and families, microfinance continues to be an essential tool for improving livelihoods at the base of the pyramid. The last 20 years have seen remarkable growth in the microfinance sector. From its early stages in small-scale microenterprise lending, through its commercial expansion to offer savings and a broad array of financial services to low-income customers, to its entry into new markets and incorporation of technological innovations, microfinance is ensuring that an ever-greater number of households have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services. The microfinance industry is estimated at $60 to $100 billion globally, where several thousand microfinance organizations reach an estimated 200 million clients, most of whom were not previously served by the formal financial sector. However, 2.5 billion adults still lack access to formal financial services. Financial services for low-income people are an important factor when it comes to poverty reduction, as it enables them to build assets, increase incomes and reduce their vulnerability to economic stress. Moreover, microfinance continues to be an important tool when it comes to empowering women. IFC is the World Bank Group s main investor in microfinance, working with around 300 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and SME-focused financial institutions, which provide financial services in 91 countries. IFC is also one of the leading global investors in terms of volume. In fiscal year 2014, we committed $519 million in 43 projects with MFIs. Our cumulative investment portfolio in microfinance exceeded $3.5 billion, with outstanding commitments of $2.0 billion. In fiscal year 2014, IFC advisory services comprised $74.2 million, representing advisory assistance for 86 projects. This smart book, titled from small beginnings to great opportunities, presents practical lessons learned from the work that authors have been doing on microfinance projects over the last twenty years. From launching the Microfinance Enhancement Facility to help the industry stay afloat during the time of crisis, to working on a project to support microfinance clients to fulfill their housing dreams, these narratives are both engaging and insightful.
format Book
author International Finance Corporation
author_facet International Finance Corporation
author_sort International Finance Corporation
title Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC
title_short Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC
title_full Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC
title_fullStr Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC
title_full_unstemmed Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC
title_sort small beginnings for great 0pportunities : lessons learned from 20 years of microfinance projects in ifc
publisher World Bank Group, Washington, DC
publishDate 2015
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/01/24171745/small-beginnings-great-opportunities-lessons-learned-20-years-microfinance-projects-ifc
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21795
_version_ 1764449195550310400
spelling okr-10986-217952021-04-23T14:04:04Z Small Beginnings for Great 0pportunities : Lessons Learned from 20 years of Microfinance Projects in IFC International Finance Corporation ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ACCESS TO FINANCING ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AFFILIATES ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AUDITING BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEETS BANK ASSETS BANK CREDIT BANK GUARANTEES BANK LOAN BANK LOANS BANKING LAW BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BORROWING BORROWINGS BUSINESS LOANS CAPACITY BUILDING CAPITAL ADEQUACY CAPITAL REQUIREMENT CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS CAPITAL STRUCTURE CASH FLOW CENTRAL BANKS COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS COMMERCIAL BANK COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMERCIAL LENDING CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSUMER PROTECTION CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT CONVENTIONAL BANK CONVENTIONAL BANKS CONVENTIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS COUNTRY COMPARISONS CREDIT BUREAU CREDIT BUREAUS CREDIT INFORMATION CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM CREDIT LINES CREDIT PROVIDERS CREDIT REGISTRY CREDIT REPORT CREDIT REPORTING CREDIT RISK CREDIT SCORES CREDITS CREDITWORTHINESS CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNTS CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP DEBT DEBT BURDEN DEPOSIT DEPOSITS DEVELOPMENT CENTER DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS DONOR FUNDING DONOR RESOURCES DONOR SUPPORT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIES OF SCALE EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYERS ENTREPRENEURS EQUITY REQUIREMENTS EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK EXCHANGE RATE EXTERNAL AUDITORS FAIR LENDING FINANCE COMPANIES FINANCE COMPANY FINANCIAL COSTS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL LEASING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE FINANCIAL REGULATOR FINANCIAL RESOURCES FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL SERVICE FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS FINANCIAL SERVICES PROVIDERS FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN CURRENCIES FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES FREE LOANS FUNDING SOURCES GOVERNMENT FUNDING GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GUARANTORS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING LOANS INCOME GROUP INCOME STATEMENTS INCOME TAX INCOME-GENERATING PROJECT INCOME-GENERATING PROJECTS INDEBTEDNESS INEQUALITIES INEQUALITY INFORMATION GAP INFORMATION SHARING INSIDER LENDING INSURANCE INSURANCE POLICY INSURANCE SERVICES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INVENTORY LAWS LEGAL FRAMEWORK LEGAL PROVISION LEGAL REQUIREMENT LEGISLATION LENDERS LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LIQUID ASSETS LOAN LOAN AMOUNT LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN CLASSIFICATION LOAN CONTRACT LOAN CONTRACTS LOAN DELINQUENCY LOAN DOCUMENTATION LOAN PORTFOLIO LOAN PORTFOLIOS LOAN PROCESSING LOAN PROCESSING TIME LOAN PROGRAM LOAN PROVISIONING LOAN RECOVERY LOAN SIZE LOAN TERMS LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS MARKET VALUE MAXIMUM LOAN AMOUNT MFI MFIS MICRO-ENTERPRISES MICRO-LENDING MICROCREDIT MICROFINANCE MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS MONETARY POLICY MONEY LAUNDERING MONEY TRANSFER MONEY TRANSFERS MOVABLE COLLATERAL NEW ENTRANTS OPERATING COSTS OPERATIONAL COSTS OUTREACH OVERDRAFT PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS PAYMENT SERVICE POSTAL SAVING PRIVATE BANKS PRIVATE CREDIT PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE LENDER PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY PROPENSITY TO SAVE PROVIDERS OF CREDIT PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS PUBLIC CREDIT PUBLIC FUNDS REAL ESTATE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REPAYMENT REPAYMENT PERIOD REPAYMENT RATES RESERVE REQUIREMENT RESOURCE ALLOCATION RISK MANAGEMENT RISK OF LOSS SAVINGS SAVINGS BEHAVIOR SECURITIES SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY SOURCE OF CREDIT SOURCES OF CREDIT SOURCES OF FUNDS STOCK MARKET SUBSIDIARIES TAX EXEMPTIONS TERMS OF LOAN TRADE CREDITS TRADE VOLUME TRANSPARENT MARKET UNEMPLOYMENT UNFAIR COMPETITION URBAN AREAS USURY WHOLESALE FUNDING WOMAN WORKING CAPITAL By increasing access to finance for out-of-reach households and families, microfinance continues to be an essential tool for improving livelihoods at the base of the pyramid. The last 20 years have seen remarkable growth in the microfinance sector. From its early stages in small-scale microenterprise lending, through its commercial expansion to offer savings and a broad array of financial services to low-income customers, to its entry into new markets and incorporation of technological innovations, microfinance is ensuring that an ever-greater number of households have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services. The microfinance industry is estimated at $60 to $100 billion globally, where several thousand microfinance organizations reach an estimated 200 million clients, most of whom were not previously served by the formal financial sector. However, 2.5 billion adults still lack access to formal financial services. Financial services for low-income people are an important factor when it comes to poverty reduction, as it enables them to build assets, increase incomes and reduce their vulnerability to economic stress. Moreover, microfinance continues to be an important tool when it comes to empowering women. IFC is the World Bank Group s main investor in microfinance, working with around 300 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and SME-focused financial institutions, which provide financial services in 91 countries. IFC is also one of the leading global investors in terms of volume. In fiscal year 2014, we committed $519 million in 43 projects with MFIs. Our cumulative investment portfolio in microfinance exceeded $3.5 billion, with outstanding commitments of $2.0 billion. In fiscal year 2014, IFC advisory services comprised $74.2 million, representing advisory assistance for 86 projects. This smart book, titled from small beginnings to great opportunities, presents practical lessons learned from the work that authors have been doing on microfinance projects over the last twenty years. From launching the Microfinance Enhancement Facility to help the industry stay afloat during the time of crisis, to working on a project to support microfinance clients to fulfill their housing dreams, these narratives are both engaging and insightful. 2015-04-27T21:44:20Z 2015-04-27T21:44:20Z 2015 Book http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/01/24171745/small-beginnings-great-opportunities-lessons-learned-20-years-microfinance-projects-ifc http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21795 English en_US IFC SmartLessons; CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/ International Finance Corporation World Bank Group, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Brief