Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi

This paper hypothesizes that labor and credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm income-generating activities and restricting access to inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more deeply than male productivity. The paper de...

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Main Authors:	Palacios-Lopez, Amparo, López, Ramón
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015
Subjects:	LIVING STANDARDS EMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS WAGE GAP PRODUCTION MALE COUNTERPART INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN WAGE DISCRIMINATION LABOR ALLOCATION UNITED NATIONS RURAL LABOR MARKETS INFORMATION SERVICES DISCRIMINATION ELASTICITY POLITICAL ECONOMY EFFECTS LABOR ECONOMICS RURAL LABOR HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PROJECT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS GENDER DISPARITY BUDGET EFFICIENCY WAGES GENDER DIMENSIONS PRESENT VALUE HUMAN RESOURCE LABOR MARKET GENDER GAP DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY TRANSFERS HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION MARKETS HOUSEHOLD INCOME ORGANIZATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER SENSITIVITY STANDARDS LABOR ADULT MALE UTILITY MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE EFFICIENCY FEMALE LABOR DESIGN RESOURCES UNEMPLOYMENT PREVAILING MARKET WAGE FEMALE HEADS LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH CONSUMPTION CAPITAL WAGES POLICIES GENDER DIFFERENCES PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT MARKET FAILURES DESCRIPTION PARTICIPATION WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE GENDER FAMILY LABOR RURAL POVERTY WORKING CAPITAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES COST WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS TRANSACTION COSTS MARKET ACCESS TO MARKETS RURAL EMPLOYMENT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION MANAGEMENT PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WOMEN FARMERS STATE LAND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN THEORY SECURITY FEMALES INVESTMENT RISK HUMAN RESOURCES HOUSEHOLDS GENDER ANALYSIS EQUALITY PRODUCTIVITY GAP ALLOCATION IMMIGRATION LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS SUPPLY PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS LABOR SUPPLY PROFIT BORROWING WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE INTERVENTIONS MARRIED WOMEN COMMUNITY GENDER DISCRIMINATION HOUSEHOLD WORK WOMEN LABOUR LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES FEMALE SERVICE WAGE EMPLOYMENT PRICES MARKET WAGE GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24611445/market-imperfections-exacerbate-gender-gap-case-malawi http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22175

id	okr-10986-22175
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-221752021-04-23T14:04:07Z Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi Palacios-Lopez, Amparo López, Ramón LIVING STANDARDS EMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS WAGE GAP PRODUCTION MALE COUNTERPART INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN WAGE DISCRIMINATION LABOR ALLOCATION UNITED NATIONS RURAL LABOR MARKETS INFORMATION SERVICES DISCRIMINATION ELASTICITY POLITICAL ECONOMY EFFECTS LABOR ECONOMICS RURAL LABOR HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PROJECT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS GENDER DISPARITY BUDGET EFFICIENCY WAGES GENDER DIMENSIONS PRESENT VALUE HUMAN RESOURCE LABOR MARKET GENDER GAP DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY TRANSFERS HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION MARKETS HOUSEHOLD INCOME ORGANIZATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER SENSITIVITY STANDARDS LABOR ADULT MALE UTILITY MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE EFFICIENCY FEMALE LABOR DESIGN RESOURCES UNEMPLOYMENT PREVAILING MARKET WAGE FEMALE HEADS LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH CONSUMPTION CAPITAL WAGES POLICIES GENDER DIFFERENCES PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT MARKET FAILURES DESCRIPTION PARTICIPATION WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE GENDER FAMILY LABOR RURAL POVERTY WORKING CAPITAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES COST WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS TRANSACTION COSTS MARKET ACCESS TO MARKETS RURAL EMPLOYMENT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION MANAGEMENT PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WOMEN FARMERS STATE LAND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN THEORY SECURITY FEMALES INVESTMENT RISK HUMAN RESOURCES HOUSEHOLDS GENDER ANALYSIS EQUALITY PRODUCTIVITY GAP ALLOCATION IMMIGRATION LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS SUPPLY PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS LABOR SUPPLY PROFIT BORROWING WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE INTERVENTIONS MARRIED WOMEN COMMUNITY GENDER DISCRIMINATION HOUSEHOLD WORK WOMEN LABOUR LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES FEMALE SERVICE WAGE EMPLOYMENT PRICES MARKET WAGE GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY This paper hypothesizes that labor and credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm income-generating activities and restricting access to inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more deeply than male productivity. The paper develops a theoretical model that decomposes the contribution of various market imperfections to the gender productivity gap. The paper shows empirically that agricultural labor productivity is on average 44 percent lower on plots managed by female heads of household than on those managed by male heads. Thirty-four percent of this gap is explained by differences in labor market access and 29 percent by differences in credit access. 2015-07-16T15:24:32Z 2015-07-16T15:24:32Z 2015-06 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24611445/market-imperfections-exacerbate-gender-gap-case-malawi http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22175 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7300 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Africa Malawi
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	LIVING STANDARDS EMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS WAGE GAP PRODUCTION MALE COUNTERPART INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN WAGE DISCRIMINATION LABOR ALLOCATION UNITED NATIONS RURAL LABOR MARKETS INFORMATION SERVICES DISCRIMINATION ELASTICITY POLITICAL ECONOMY EFFECTS LABOR ECONOMICS RURAL LABOR HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PROJECT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS GENDER DISPARITY BUDGET EFFICIENCY WAGES GENDER DIMENSIONS PRESENT VALUE HUMAN RESOURCE LABOR MARKET GENDER GAP DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY TRANSFERS HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION MARKETS HOUSEHOLD INCOME ORGANIZATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER SENSITIVITY STANDARDS LABOR ADULT MALE UTILITY MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE EFFICIENCY FEMALE LABOR DESIGN RESOURCES UNEMPLOYMENT PREVAILING MARKET WAGE FEMALE HEADS LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH CONSUMPTION CAPITAL WAGES POLICIES GENDER DIFFERENCES PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT MARKET FAILURES DESCRIPTION PARTICIPATION WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE GENDER FAMILY LABOR RURAL POVERTY WORKING CAPITAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES COST WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS TRANSACTION COSTS MARKET ACCESS TO MARKETS RURAL EMPLOYMENT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION MANAGEMENT PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WOMEN FARMERS STATE LAND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN THEORY SECURITY FEMALES INVESTMENT RISK HUMAN RESOURCES HOUSEHOLDS GENDER ANALYSIS EQUALITY PRODUCTIVITY GAP ALLOCATION IMMIGRATION LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS SUPPLY PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS LABOR SUPPLY PROFIT BORROWING WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE INTERVENTIONS MARRIED WOMEN COMMUNITY GENDER DISCRIMINATION HOUSEHOLD WORK WOMEN LABOUR LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES FEMALE SERVICE WAGE EMPLOYMENT PRICES MARKET WAGE GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY
spellingShingle	LIVING STANDARDS EMPLOYMENT HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS WAGE GAP PRODUCTION MALE COUNTERPART INCOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN WAGE DISCRIMINATION LABOR ALLOCATION UNITED NATIONS RURAL LABOR MARKETS INFORMATION SERVICES DISCRIMINATION ELASTICITY POLITICAL ECONOMY EFFECTS LABOR ECONOMICS RURAL LABOR HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FACTORS OF PRODUCTION PROJECT MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS GENDER DISPARITY BUDGET EFFICIENCY WAGES GENDER DIMENSIONS PRESENT VALUE HUMAN RESOURCE LABOR MARKET GENDER GAP DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY TRANSFERS HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION MARKETS HOUSEHOLD INCOME ORGANIZATIONS GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER SENSITIVITY STANDARDS LABOR ADULT MALE UTILITY MALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE EFFICIENCY FEMALE LABOR DESIGN RESOURCES UNEMPLOYMENT PREVAILING MARKET WAGE FEMALE HEADS LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH CONSUMPTION CAPITAL WAGES POLICIES GENDER DIFFERENCES PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT MARKET FAILURES DESCRIPTION PARTICIPATION WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE GENDER FAMILY LABOR RURAL POVERTY WORKING CAPITAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES COST WAGE RATE ROLE OF WOMEN HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS TRANSACTION COSTS MARKET ACCESS TO MARKETS RURAL EMPLOYMENT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION MANAGEMENT PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WOMEN FARMERS STATE LAND PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN THEORY SECURITY FEMALES INVESTMENT RISK HUMAN RESOURCES HOUSEHOLDS GENDER ANALYSIS EQUALITY PRODUCTIVITY GAP ALLOCATION IMMIGRATION LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS SUPPLY PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONS WAGE DIFFERENTIALS LABOR SUPPLY PROFIT BORROWING WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE INTERVENTIONS MARRIED WOMEN COMMUNITY GENDER DISCRIMINATION HOUSEHOLD WORK WOMEN LABOUR LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES FEMALE SERVICE WAGE EMPLOYMENT PRICES MARKET WAGE GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY Palacios-Lopez, Amparo López, Ramón Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi
geographic_facet	Africa Malawi
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7300
description	This paper hypothesizes that labor and credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm income-generating activities and restricting access to inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more deeply than male productivity. The paper develops a theoretical model that decomposes the contribution of various market imperfections to the gender productivity gap. The paper shows empirically that agricultural labor productivity is on average 44 percent lower on plots managed by female heads of household than on those managed by male heads. Thirty-four percent of this gap is explained by differences in labor market access and 29 percent by differences in credit access.
format	Working Paper
author	Palacios-Lopez, Amparo López, Ramón
author_facet	Palacios-Lopez, Amparo López, Ramón
author_sort	Palacios-Lopez, Amparo
title	Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi
title_short	Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi
title_full	Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi
title_fullStr	Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi
title_full_unstemmed	Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi
title_sort	market imperfections exacerbate the gender gap : the case of malawi
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2015
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24611445/market-imperfections-exacerbate-gender-gap-case-malawi http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22175
_version_	1764450353569333248

Market Imperfections Exacerbate the Gender Gap : The Case of Malawi

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