Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011
This paper documents the changing structure of wages in India over the post-reform era, the roughly two-decade period since 1993. To investigate the factors underlying these changes, a supply-demand framework is applied at the level of the Indian s...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2015
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/09/25094714/changing-wage-structure-india-post-reform-era-1993-2011 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22849 |
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okr-10986-228492021-04-23T14:04:11Z Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 Jacoby, Hanan G. Dasgupta, Basab JOBS SKILL‐UPGRADING EMPLOYMENT RURAL DIVIDE PRODUCTION LAGS EMPLOYMENT SHARE PREVIOUS SECTION INCOME SERVICE SECTOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES WAGE‐EARNER BASE‐YEAR RURAL LABOR MARKETS GROUP WORKERS LABOR FORCE INFORMATION ELASTICITY POST-REFORM WELFARE JOB EFFECTS WAGE INCREASES LABOR ECONOMICS VARIABLES PAYING JOBS RURAL LABOR INPUTS RETAIL TRADE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION REAL WAGES SOCIAL PROGRAMS ASSOCIATIONS MEASURES WAGE GROWTH ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TRENDS DRIVERS POVERTY REDUCTION AGRICULTURAL WAGE PUBLIC‐WORKS LABOR MARKET EARNINGS INEQUALITY URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE‐GROWTH INDUSTRY WAGE WORKER SELF‐EMPLOYED MARKETS ORGANIZATIONS AGRICULTURAL PRICES COMPETITIVE MARKET LABOR PRODUCT ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION TOTAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL SERVICES RURAL WAGES PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM FINANCE REAL‐ WAGE FEMALE LABOR WAGE GAINS UNEMPLOYMENT SKILL PREMIUM PUBLIC‐ WORKS PROGRAM GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM RURAL COUNTERPARTS WORKERS WAGES DEFLATORS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS LABOR MARKET INTERVENTION RURAL SECTOR LABOR DEMAND REAL WAGE HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE RURAL FEMALE CASUAL WORKERS RURAL GROWTH DEMAND WAGE PREMIUM AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RURAL MEASUREMENT RURAL WORKERS MARKET PUBLIC WORKS TRADE LIBERALIZATION RURAL EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC‐WORKS PROGRAM ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC‐ WORKS EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE REGRESSION ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE INSURANCE WAGE STRUCTURE TRADE SAFETY‐NET GROWTH RATE POVERTY RURAL AREAS FEMALE LABOR FORCE SUPPLY LABOR SUPPLY CONSUMER PRICE INDEX UNSKILLED WORKERS POOR FOOD PRICES LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES SAFETY UNSKILLED LABOR SELF‐EMPLOYMENT WAGE EMPLOYMENT LABOR SHARE PRICES MARKET WAGE WAGE‐PREMIUM INEQUALITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY This paper documents the changing structure of wages in India over the post-reform era, the roughly two-decade period since 1993. To investigate the factors underlying these changes, a supply-demand framework is applied at the level of the Indian state. While real wages have risen across India over the past two decades, the increase has been greater in rural areas and, especially, for unskilled workers. The analysis finds that, in rural areas, the changing wage structure has been driven largely by relative supply factors, such as increased overall education levels and falling female labor force participation. Relative wage changes between rural and urban areas have been driven largely by shifts in employment, notably into unskilled-intensive sectors like construction. 2015-11-04T22:42:24Z 2015-11-04T22:42:24Z 2015-09 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/09/25094714/changing-wage-structure-india-post-reform-era-1993-2011 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22849 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7426 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
JOBS SKILL‐UPGRADING EMPLOYMENT RURAL DIVIDE PRODUCTION LAGS EMPLOYMENT SHARE PREVIOUS SECTION INCOME SERVICE SECTOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES WAGE‐EARNER BASE‐YEAR RURAL LABOR MARKETS GROUP WORKERS LABOR FORCE INFORMATION ELASTICITY POST-REFORM WELFARE JOB EFFECTS WAGE INCREASES LABOR ECONOMICS VARIABLES PAYING JOBS RURAL LABOR INPUTS RETAIL TRADE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION REAL WAGES SOCIAL PROGRAMS ASSOCIATIONS MEASURES WAGE GROWTH ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TRENDS DRIVERS POVERTY REDUCTION AGRICULTURAL WAGE PUBLIC‐WORKS LABOR MARKET EARNINGS INEQUALITY URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE‐GROWTH INDUSTRY WAGE WORKER SELF‐EMPLOYED MARKETS ORGANIZATIONS AGRICULTURAL PRICES COMPETITIVE MARKET LABOR PRODUCT ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION TOTAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL SERVICES RURAL WAGES PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM FINANCE REAL‐ WAGE FEMALE LABOR WAGE GAINS UNEMPLOYMENT SKILL PREMIUM PUBLIC‐ WORKS PROGRAM GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM RURAL COUNTERPARTS WORKERS WAGES DEFLATORS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS LABOR MARKET INTERVENTION RURAL SECTOR LABOR DEMAND REAL WAGE HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE RURAL FEMALE CASUAL WORKERS RURAL GROWTH DEMAND WAGE PREMIUM AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RURAL MEASUREMENT RURAL WORKERS MARKET PUBLIC WORKS TRADE LIBERALIZATION RURAL EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC‐WORKS PROGRAM ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC‐ WORKS EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE REGRESSION ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE INSURANCE WAGE STRUCTURE TRADE SAFETY‐NET GROWTH RATE POVERTY RURAL AREAS FEMALE LABOR FORCE SUPPLY LABOR SUPPLY CONSUMER PRICE INDEX UNSKILLED WORKERS POOR FOOD PRICES LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES SAFETY UNSKILLED LABOR SELF‐EMPLOYMENT WAGE EMPLOYMENT LABOR SHARE PRICES MARKET WAGE WAGE‐PREMIUM INEQUALITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY |
| spellingShingle |
JOBS SKILL‐UPGRADING EMPLOYMENT RURAL DIVIDE PRODUCTION LAGS EMPLOYMENT SHARE PREVIOUS SECTION INCOME SERVICE SECTOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES WAGE‐EARNER BASE‐YEAR RURAL LABOR MARKETS GROUP WORKERS LABOR FORCE INFORMATION ELASTICITY POST-REFORM WELFARE JOB EFFECTS WAGE INCREASES LABOR ECONOMICS VARIABLES PAYING JOBS RURAL LABOR INPUTS RETAIL TRADE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION REAL WAGES SOCIAL PROGRAMS ASSOCIATIONS MEASURES WAGE GROWTH ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TRENDS DRIVERS POVERTY REDUCTION AGRICULTURAL WAGE PUBLIC‐WORKS LABOR MARKET EARNINGS INEQUALITY URBAN EMPLOYMENT WAGE‐GROWTH INDUSTRY WAGE WORKER SELF‐EMPLOYED MARKETS ORGANIZATIONS AGRICULTURAL PRICES COMPETITIVE MARKET LABOR PRODUCT ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION TOTAL EMPLOYMENT RURAL SERVICES RURAL WAGES PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM FINANCE REAL‐ WAGE FEMALE LABOR WAGE GAINS UNEMPLOYMENT SKILL PREMIUM PUBLIC‐ WORKS PROGRAM GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM RURAL COUNTERPARTS WORKERS WAGES DEFLATORS ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS LABOR MARKET INTERVENTION RURAL SECTOR LABOR DEMAND REAL WAGE HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE WAGE INEQUALITY VALUE RURAL FEMALE CASUAL WORKERS RURAL GROWTH DEMAND WAGE PREMIUM AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RURAL MEASUREMENT RURAL WORKERS MARKET PUBLIC WORKS TRADE LIBERALIZATION RURAL EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC‐WORKS PROGRAM ECONOMICS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PUBLIC‐ WORKS EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE REGRESSION ANALYSIS EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE INSURANCE WAGE STRUCTURE TRADE SAFETY‐NET GROWTH RATE POVERTY RURAL AREAS FEMALE LABOR FORCE SUPPLY LABOR SUPPLY CONSUMER PRICE INDEX UNSKILLED WORKERS POOR FOOD PRICES LABOR MARKETS OUTCOMES SAFETY UNSKILLED LABOR SELF‐EMPLOYMENT WAGE EMPLOYMENT LABOR SHARE PRICES MARKET WAGE WAGE‐PREMIUM INEQUALITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY Jacoby, Hanan G. Dasgupta, Basab Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 |
| geographic_facet |
South Asia India |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7426 |
| description |
This paper documents the changing
structure of wages in India over the post-reform era, the
roughly two-decade period since 1993. To investigate the
factors underlying these changes, a supply-demand framework
is applied at the level of the Indian state. While real
wages have risen across India over the past two decades, the
increase has been greater in rural areas and, especially,
for unskilled workers. The analysis finds that, in rural
areas, the changing wage structure has been driven largely
by relative supply factors, such as increased overall
education levels and falling female labor force
participation. Relative wage changes between rural and urban
areas have been driven largely by shifts in employment,
notably into unskilled-intensive sectors like construction. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Jacoby, Hanan G. Dasgupta, Basab |
| author_facet |
Jacoby, Hanan G. Dasgupta, Basab |
| author_sort |
Jacoby, Hanan G. |
| title |
Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 |
| title_short |
Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 |
| title_full |
Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 |
| title_fullStr |
Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Changing Wage Structure in India in the Post-Reform Era : 1993-2011 |
| title_sort |
changing wage structure in india in the post-reform era : 1993-2011 |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/09/25094714/changing-wage-structure-india-post-reform-era-1993-2011 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22849 |
| _version_ |
1764452224840237056 |