Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China

This paper relaxes the single-factor model of intergenerational educational mobility and analyzes heterogeneous effects of family background on children’s education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis uses dat...

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Main Authors:	Emran, M. Shahe, Sun, Yan
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015
Subjects:	BIRTH LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MOTHERS EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR GIRLS BASIC EDUCATION GENDER INEQUALITY OLD AGE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN GRANDFATHERS SCHOOLING GROUPS EDUCATION POLICY COMPULSORY EDUCATION MOTHERS HIGHER EDUCATION MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION GENDER PARITY RURAL CHILDREN LOW SCHOOLING FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ROLES GRANDPARENTS GENDER BIAS SPOUSES POVERTY REDUCTION EDUCATIONAL POLICY KNOWLEDGE MIDDLE SCHOOL GENDER GAP TRAINING GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT INCOME INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ABILITY PEASANTS IDEAS EDUCATED PARENTS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING HOUSEHOLD INCOME NEEDS ORGANIZATIONS PARENTS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL INPUTS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS LEARNING MARRIAGE PRIMARY SCHOOL FAMILY COMPOSITION EDUCATIONAL POLICIES FAMILY BACKGROUND ETHNICITY PARENTS’ EDUCATION GENDER NEUTRALITY RURAL SCHOOLS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS EQUAL ACCESS SCIENCE EDUCATION LAW VALUES SCHOOLS FAMILY PARTICIPATION AGE RURAL AREA FATHERS BASIC EDUCATION POLICY DEMAND FOR GIRLS GIRLS’ EDUCATION STATURE INCOME DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS MOTHERS’ EDUCATION SCHOOL BREAKFAST YOUTH MENTAL ABILITY FACTORS PARENTAL INCOME PARENTS PARITY SOCIOLOGY CHILDREN EDUCATION INVESTMENT CLASS SIZES EQUALITY RURAL AREAS MEN GIRLS SOCIETY SCHOOL EDUCATION FEES PRIMARY EDUCATION FAMILIES SIBLINGS WOMEN SCHOOL GENERATIONS HEALTH SERVICES SOCIAL MOBILITY GENDER EQUALITY RETURNS TO EDUCATION
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/10/25206357/children-uneducated-farmers-doubly-disadvantaged-farm-nonfarm-intergenerational-educational-mobility-rural-china http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22882

id	okr-10986-22882
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spelling	okr-10986-228822021-04-23T14:04:11Z Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China Emran, M. Shahe Sun, Yan BIRTH LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MOTHERS EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR GIRLS BASIC EDUCATION GENDER INEQUALITY OLD AGE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN GRANDFATHERS SCHOOLING GROUPS EDUCATION POLICY COMPULSORY EDUCATION MOTHERS HIGHER EDUCATION MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION GENDER PARITY RURAL CHILDREN LOW SCHOOLING FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ROLES GRANDPARENTS GENDER BIAS SPOUSES POVERTY REDUCTION EDUCATIONAL POLICY KNOWLEDGE MIDDLE SCHOOL GENDER GAP TRAINING GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT INCOME INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ABILITY PEASANTS IDEAS EDUCATED PARENTS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING HOUSEHOLD INCOME NEEDS ORGANIZATIONS PARENTS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL INPUTS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS LEARNING MARRIAGE PRIMARY SCHOOL FAMILY COMPOSITION EDUCATIONAL POLICIES FAMILY BACKGROUND ETHNICITY PARENTS’ EDUCATION GENDER NEUTRALITY RURAL SCHOOLS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS EQUAL ACCESS SCIENCE EDUCATION LAW VALUES SCHOOLS FAMILY PARTICIPATION AGE RURAL AREA FATHERS BASIC EDUCATION POLICY DEMAND FOR GIRLS GIRLS’ EDUCATION STATURE INCOME DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS MOTHERS’ EDUCATION SCHOOL BREAKFAST YOUTH MENTAL ABILITY FACTORS PARENTAL INCOME PARENTS PARITY SOCIOLOGY CHILDREN EDUCATION INVESTMENT CLASS SIZES EQUALITY RURAL AREAS MEN GIRLS SOCIETY SCHOOL EDUCATION FEES PRIMARY EDUCATION FAMILIES SIBLINGS WOMEN SCHOOL GENERATIONS HEALTH SERVICES SOCIAL MOBILITY GENDER EQUALITY RETURNS TO EDUCATION This paper relaxes the single-factor model of intergenerational educational mobility and analyzes heterogeneous effects of family background on children’s education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis uses data from rural China that cover three generations, and are not subject to coresident sample selection. Evidence from a battery of econometric approaches shows that the mean effects of parents’ education miss substantial heterogeneity across farm-nonfarm occupations. Having nonfarm parents, in general, has positive effects, but children of low educated non-farmer parents (with higher income) do not enjoy any advantages over the children of more educated farmer parents. Estimates of cross-partial effects without imposing functional form show little evidence of complementarity between parental education and nonfarm occupation. The role of family background remains relatively stable across generations for girls, but for boys, family background has become more important after the market reform. The paper explores causality using three approaches: Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, minimum biased inverse propensity weighted estimator, and heteroscedasticity-based identification. The analysis results suggest that the advantages of having more educated parents, especially with nonfarm occupations, are unlikely to be due solely to selection on genetic transmissions. However, the estimated positive effects of nonfarm over farmer parents among the low educated households may be driven entirely by moderate selection on genetic endowment. 2015-11-05T19:37:15Z 2015-11-05T19:37:15Z 2015-10 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/10/25206357/children-uneducated-farmers-doubly-disadvantaged-farm-nonfarm-intergenerational-educational-mobility-rural-china http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22882 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7459 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research East Asia and Pacific China
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	BIRTH LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MOTHERS EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR GIRLS BASIC EDUCATION GENDER INEQUALITY OLD AGE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN GRANDFATHERS SCHOOLING GROUPS EDUCATION POLICY COMPULSORY EDUCATION MOTHERS HIGHER EDUCATION MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION GENDER PARITY RURAL CHILDREN LOW SCHOOLING FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ROLES GRANDPARENTS GENDER BIAS SPOUSES POVERTY REDUCTION EDUCATIONAL POLICY KNOWLEDGE MIDDLE SCHOOL GENDER GAP TRAINING GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT INCOME INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ABILITY PEASANTS IDEAS EDUCATED PARENTS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING HOUSEHOLD INCOME NEEDS ORGANIZATIONS PARENTS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL INPUTS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS LEARNING MARRIAGE PRIMARY SCHOOL FAMILY COMPOSITION EDUCATIONAL POLICIES FAMILY BACKGROUND ETHNICITY PARENTS’ EDUCATION GENDER NEUTRALITY RURAL SCHOOLS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS EQUAL ACCESS SCIENCE EDUCATION LAW VALUES SCHOOLS FAMILY PARTICIPATION AGE RURAL AREA FATHERS BASIC EDUCATION POLICY DEMAND FOR GIRLS GIRLS’ EDUCATION STATURE INCOME DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS MOTHERS’ EDUCATION SCHOOL BREAKFAST YOUTH MENTAL ABILITY FACTORS PARENTAL INCOME PARENTS PARITY SOCIOLOGY CHILDREN EDUCATION INVESTMENT CLASS SIZES EQUALITY RURAL AREAS MEN GIRLS SOCIETY SCHOOL EDUCATION FEES PRIMARY EDUCATION FAMILIES SIBLINGS WOMEN SCHOOL GENERATIONS HEALTH SERVICES SOCIAL MOBILITY GENDER EQUALITY RETURNS TO EDUCATION
spellingShingle	BIRTH LOW EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MOTHERS EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR GIRLS BASIC EDUCATION GENDER INEQUALITY OLD AGE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN GRANDFATHERS SCHOOLING GROUPS EDUCATION POLICY COMPULSORY EDUCATION MOTHERS HIGHER EDUCATION MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION GENDER PARITY RURAL CHILDREN LOW SCHOOLING FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ROLES GRANDPARENTS GENDER BIAS SPOUSES POVERTY REDUCTION EDUCATIONAL POLICY KNOWLEDGE MIDDLE SCHOOL GENDER GAP TRAINING GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT INCOME INEQUALITY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ABILITY PEASANTS IDEAS EDUCATED PARENTS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING HOUSEHOLD INCOME NEEDS ORGANIZATIONS PARENTS EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL INPUTS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS LEARNING MARRIAGE PRIMARY SCHOOL FAMILY COMPOSITION EDUCATIONAL POLICIES FAMILY BACKGROUND ETHNICITY PARENTS’ EDUCATION GENDER NEUTRALITY RURAL SCHOOLS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS EQUAL ACCESS SCIENCE EDUCATION LAW VALUES SCHOOLS FAMILY PARTICIPATION AGE RURAL AREA FATHERS BASIC EDUCATION POLICY DEMAND FOR GIRLS GIRLS’ EDUCATION STATURE INCOME DISTRIBUTION URBAN AREAS MOTHERS’ EDUCATION SCHOOL BREAKFAST YOUTH MENTAL ABILITY FACTORS PARENTAL INCOME PARENTS PARITY SOCIOLOGY CHILDREN EDUCATION INVESTMENT CLASS SIZES EQUALITY RURAL AREAS MEN GIRLS SOCIETY SCHOOL EDUCATION FEES PRIMARY EDUCATION FAMILIES SIBLINGS WOMEN SCHOOL GENERATIONS HEALTH SERVICES SOCIAL MOBILITY GENDER EQUALITY RETURNS TO EDUCATION Emran, M. Shahe Sun, Yan Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China
geographic_facet	East Asia and Pacific China
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7459
description	This paper relaxes the single-factor model of intergenerational educational mobility and analyzes heterogeneous effects of family background on children’s education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis uses data from rural China that cover three generations, and are not subject to coresident sample selection. Evidence from a battery of econometric approaches shows that the mean effects of parents’ education miss substantial heterogeneity across farm-nonfarm occupations. Having nonfarm parents, in general, has positive effects, but children of low educated non-farmer parents (with higher income) do not enjoy any advantages over the children of more educated farmer parents. Estimates of cross-partial effects without imposing functional form show little evidence of complementarity between parental education and nonfarm occupation. The role of family background remains relatively stable across generations for girls, but for boys, family background has become more important after the market reform. The paper explores causality using three approaches: Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, minimum biased inverse propensity weighted estimator, and heteroscedasticity-based identification. The analysis results suggest that the advantages of having more educated parents, especially with nonfarm occupations, are unlikely to be due solely to selection on genetic transmissions. However, the estimated positive effects of nonfarm over farmer parents among the low educated households may be driven entirely by moderate selection on genetic endowment.
format	Working Paper
author	Emran, M. Shahe Sun, Yan
author_facet	Emran, M. Shahe Sun, Yan
author_sort	Emran, M. Shahe
title	Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China
title_short	Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China
title_full	Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China
title_fullStr	Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China
title_full_unstemmed	Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China
title_sort	are the children of uneducated farmers doubly disadvantaged? : farm, nonfarm and intergenerational educational mobility in rural china
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2015
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/10/25206357/children-uneducated-farmers-doubly-disadvantaged-farm-nonfarm-intergenerational-educational-mobility-rural-china http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22882
_version_	1764452315707736064

Are the Children of Uneducated Farmers Doubly Disadvantaged? : Farm, Nonfarm and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Rural China

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