The Labor Content of Exports Database
This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2016
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/03/26137986/labor-content-exports-database http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24156 |
| id |
okr-10986-24156 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
JOBS EMPLOYMENT FINANCIAL SERVICES COUNTRY COMPARISONS PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES ACCOUNTING MULTIPLIERS PRODUCTION LAGS SKILLED WORKERS INCOME INDUSTRY GDP PER CAPITA INFORMATION LABOR FORCE WATER SUPPLY SERVICES EXPORTS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT TRADE FLOWS SEWAGE PUBLIC SERVICES JOB GROSS VALUE EFFECTS MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY EQUILIBRIUM SERVANTS VARIABLES LABOR COMPENSATION INPUTS SAVING VALUE OF OUTPUT RENTS TRENDS DRIVERS PRODUCTION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT LABOR MARKET LABOR COSTS EXPORT GROWTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSPORT WORKER DOMESTIC INPUTS OUTPUTS PREVIOUS STUDIES PRODUCTIVITY GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT TOTAL WAGES MARKETS WTO ORGANIZATIONS DIRECT VALUE INCOME LEVELS TRADE POLICY LABOR TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE AGREEMENT NATURAL RESOURCES TRADE MODEL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS SKILL GROUPS AVERAGE WAGES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM VALUE ADDED WORKERS WAGES POLICIES INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS LABOR DEMAND VALUE AVERAGE WAGE EXPORT PRODUCTION COMPETITIVENESS BANK CLERKS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES DEMAND OCCUPATIONS NATIONAL INCOME NOMINAL WAGES PRIVATE SERVICES AGRICULTURE ECONOMY LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES PRIVATE SECTOR SHARES LABOR INTENSITIES ECONOMICS LABOR VALUE PRODUCTION FUNCTION ECONOMIC SYSTEMS SKILLED LABOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS INSURANCE TRADE DATA EXPORT SECTOR TRADE GDP GOODS LAND THEORY GLOBAL TRADE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS SECURITY BILATERAL TRADE INVESTMENT DOMESTIC PRODUCTION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE LABORERS SUPPLY LABOR INTENSITY WORLD TRADE UNSKILLED WORKERS TOTAL OUTPUT SUPPLIERS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY LABOR OFFICE LABOR MARKETS GOVERNMENTS OUTCOMES UNSKILLED LABOR MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES LABOR SHARE PRICES ECONOMIES INCOME GROUPS DEVELOPMENT POLICY EMPLOYEES |
| spellingShingle |
JOBS EMPLOYMENT FINANCIAL SERVICES COUNTRY COMPARISONS PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES ACCOUNTING MULTIPLIERS PRODUCTION LAGS SKILLED WORKERS INCOME INDUSTRY GDP PER CAPITA INFORMATION LABOR FORCE WATER SUPPLY SERVICES EXPORTS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT TRADE FLOWS SEWAGE PUBLIC SERVICES JOB GROSS VALUE EFFECTS MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY EQUILIBRIUM SERVANTS VARIABLES LABOR COMPENSATION INPUTS SAVING VALUE OF OUTPUT RENTS TRENDS DRIVERS PRODUCTION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT LABOR MARKET LABOR COSTS EXPORT GROWTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSPORT WORKER DOMESTIC INPUTS OUTPUTS PREVIOUS STUDIES PRODUCTIVITY GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT TOTAL WAGES MARKETS WTO ORGANIZATIONS DIRECT VALUE INCOME LEVELS TRADE POLICY LABOR TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE AGREEMENT NATURAL RESOURCES TRADE MODEL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS SKILL GROUPS AVERAGE WAGES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM VALUE ADDED WORKERS WAGES POLICIES INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS LABOR DEMAND VALUE AVERAGE WAGE EXPORT PRODUCTION COMPETITIVENESS BANK CLERKS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES DEMAND OCCUPATIONS NATIONAL INCOME NOMINAL WAGES PRIVATE SERVICES AGRICULTURE ECONOMY LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES PRIVATE SECTOR SHARES LABOR INTENSITIES ECONOMICS LABOR VALUE PRODUCTION FUNCTION ECONOMIC SYSTEMS SKILLED LABOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS INSURANCE TRADE DATA EXPORT SECTOR TRADE GDP GOODS LAND THEORY GLOBAL TRADE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS SECURITY BILATERAL TRADE INVESTMENT DOMESTIC PRODUCTION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE LABORERS SUPPLY LABOR INTENSITY WORLD TRADE UNSKILLED WORKERS TOTAL OUTPUT SUPPLIERS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY LABOR OFFICE LABOR MARKETS GOVERNMENTS OUTCOMES UNSKILLED LABOR MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES LABOR SHARE PRICES ECONOMIES INCOME GROUPS DEVELOPMENT POLICY EMPLOYEES Cali, Massimiliano Francois, Joseph Hollweg, Claire H. Manchin, Miriam Oberdabernig, Doris Anita Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo Rubinova, Stela Tomberger, Patrick The Labor Content of Exports Database |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7615 |
| description |
This paper develops a novel methodology
to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied
in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for
intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting
Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of
the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the
indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for
skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data
sets documents several new findings. First, the global share
of labor value added in exports has been declining globally
since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries.
Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade
model, the composition of labor directly contained in
exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income
countries relative to developing countries. However, that is
not the case for the indirect labor content of exports.
Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor
demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and
low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect
demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors,
whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting
activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value
added in exports share across developing countries appears
to be driven more by differences in the composition of
exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally,
average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the
process of economic development to more than compensate the
loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes
the necessary information to build the Labor Content of
Exports database from the original raw data, including stata
do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the
variables in the data set. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Cali, Massimiliano Francois, Joseph Hollweg, Claire H. Manchin, Miriam Oberdabernig, Doris Anita Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo Rubinova, Stela Tomberger, Patrick |
| author_facet |
Cali, Massimiliano Francois, Joseph Hollweg, Claire H. Manchin, Miriam Oberdabernig, Doris Anita Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo Rubinova, Stela Tomberger, Patrick |
| author_sort |
Cali, Massimiliano |
| title |
The Labor Content of Exports Database |
| title_short |
The Labor Content of Exports Database |
| title_full |
The Labor Content of Exports Database |
| title_fullStr |
The Labor Content of Exports Database |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Labor Content of Exports Database |
| title_sort |
labor content of exports database |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/03/26137986/labor-content-exports-database http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24156 |
| _version_ |
1764455796982153216 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-241562021-04-23T14:04:19Z The Labor Content of Exports Database Cali, Massimiliano Francois, Joseph Hollweg, Claire H. Manchin, Miriam Oberdabernig, Doris Anita Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo Rubinova, Stela Tomberger, Patrick JOBS EMPLOYMENT FINANCIAL SERVICES COUNTRY COMPARISONS PRIVATE SECTOR ACTIVITIES ACCOUNTING MULTIPLIERS PRODUCTION LAGS SKILLED WORKERS INCOME INDUSTRY GDP PER CAPITA INFORMATION LABOR FORCE WATER SUPPLY SERVICES EXPORTS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LABOR-INTENSIVE EXPORT TRADE FLOWS SEWAGE PUBLIC SERVICES JOB GROSS VALUE EFFECTS MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY EQUILIBRIUM SERVANTS VARIABLES LABOR COMPENSATION INPUTS SAVING VALUE OF OUTPUT RENTS TRENDS DRIVERS PRODUCTION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT LABOR MARKET LABOR COSTS EXPORT GROWTH TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSPORT WORKER DOMESTIC INPUTS OUTPUTS PREVIOUS STUDIES PRODUCTIVITY GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT TOTAL WAGES MARKETS WTO ORGANIZATIONS DIRECT VALUE INCOME LEVELS TRADE POLICY LABOR TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRADE AGREEMENT NATURAL RESOURCES TRADE MODEL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS SKILL GROUPS AVERAGE WAGES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM VALUE ADDED WORKERS WAGES POLICIES INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS LABOR DEMAND VALUE AVERAGE WAGE EXPORT PRODUCTION COMPETITIVENESS BANK CLERKS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES DEMAND OCCUPATIONS NATIONAL INCOME NOMINAL WAGES PRIVATE SERVICES AGRICULTURE ECONOMY LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES PRIVATE SECTOR SHARES LABOR INTENSITIES ECONOMICS LABOR VALUE PRODUCTION FUNCTION ECONOMIC SYSTEMS SKILLED LABOR REGRESSION ANALYSIS INSURANCE TRADE DATA EXPORT SECTOR TRADE GDP GOODS LAND THEORY GLOBAL TRADE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS SECURITY BILATERAL TRADE INVESTMENT DOMESTIC PRODUCTION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE LABORERS SUPPLY LABOR INTENSITY WORLD TRADE UNSKILLED WORKERS TOTAL OUTPUT SUPPLIERS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY LABOR OFFICE LABOR MARKETS GOVERNMENTS OUTCOMES UNSKILLED LABOR MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES LABOR SHARE PRICES ECONOMIES INCOME GROUPS DEVELOPMENT POLICY EMPLOYEES This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set. 2016-04-26T17:05:27Z 2016-04-26T17:05:27Z 2016-03 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/03/26137986/labor-content-exports-database http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24156 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7615 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |