Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China
The reform of China's collectively owned forest land, began in 2008, is arguably the largest land-reform undertaking in modern times in terms of area and people affected. Under the reform, forest lands have been contracted to rural households,...
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| Format: | Report |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2016
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/05/26437519/gender-dimensions-collective-forest-tenure-reform-china http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24725 |
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okr-10986-24725 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
TAX INCENTIVES GENDER INDICATORS HOUSEHOLD INCOMES EMPOWERMENT CREDIT PROGRAM FINANCIAL SERVICES VILLAGES FACILITATION GENDER INEQUALITY PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ETHNIC MINORITIES FINANCING VILLAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN MORTGAGE APPLICATION LAND RIGHT INTEREST ADMINISTRATIVE COST EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES GENDER ISSUE GOVERNMENT FUNDING BIAS LEGAL AUTHORITIES INTEREST RATE PROPERTY RIGHTS CULTURAL BIAS DISCRIMINATION COOP EXCLUSION LEGAL ASSISTANCE ACCESS TO RESOURCES GUARANTORS MORTGAGE WELFARE INSURANCE POLICIES LOAN CAPACITY BUILDING CREDITWORTHINESS FEE SUBSIDY LEVELS OF ACCESS ACCESS TO MARKET SAVING TRANSACTION COST MARKET INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL BANK AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION MINORITY POPULATIONS SMALL FARMERS PUBLIC POLICY FAMILY INCOMES MORTGAGE LOAN CREDITS SAVINGS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE EQUAL RIGHT SUPPORT FOR WOMEN DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN HIGH INTEREST RATES JOB OPPORTUNITIES SOCIAL EXCLUSION EQUAL RIGHTS ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS GENDER MAINSTREAMING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEBTS INTEREST RATES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GENDER AWARENESS PREJUDICE POLICY DESIGN LAND RIGHTS AGRICULTURAL CREDITS SOCIAL SECURITY GENDER SENSITIVITY LOANS ENTERPRISES ETHNIC MINORITY FARMERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT GENDER ISSUES REAL ESTATE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FINANCE STATUS OF WOMEN ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS EDUCATED WOMEN ACCESS TO INFORMATION BANKS MICRO-CREDIT INCOME CATEGORY GRANT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERMANENT RESIDENTS CAPITAL EQUAL ACCESS SMALL ENTERPRISES GENDER DIFFERENCES ECONOMIC RESOURCES FAMILY OBLIGATIONS WOMAN FAMILY GENDER BANK CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY LABOUR MARKET URBAN AREAS HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURAL SECTOR REPAYMENT EDUCATION LEVEL ENTERPRISE PROPERTY SOCIAL NETWORKS MIGRANT WORKERS PERMANENT RESIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERESTS GENDERS SECURITY HUSBAND INVESTMENT HOUSEHOLDS MORTGAGE LOANS EQUALITY COLLATERAL LOAN SIZE COOPERATION MICRO CREDIT COOPERATIVES MINORITY GROUPS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD STUDENTS BORROWING FINANCIAL SUPPORT INVESTMENTS TECHNICAL SUPPORT MARRIED WOMEN BANKING SUPERVISION FEES FAMILIES WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR BARRIERS TO WOMEN COOPERATIVE MIGRANT WORKER GUARANTEE CREDIT FOR WOMEN GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY |
| spellingShingle |
TAX INCENTIVES GENDER INDICATORS HOUSEHOLD INCOMES EMPOWERMENT CREDIT PROGRAM FINANCIAL SERVICES VILLAGES FACILITATION GENDER INEQUALITY PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ETHNIC MINORITIES FINANCING VILLAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN MORTGAGE APPLICATION LAND RIGHT INTEREST ADMINISTRATIVE COST EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES GENDER ISSUE GOVERNMENT FUNDING BIAS LEGAL AUTHORITIES INTEREST RATE PROPERTY RIGHTS CULTURAL BIAS DISCRIMINATION COOP EXCLUSION LEGAL ASSISTANCE ACCESS TO RESOURCES GUARANTORS MORTGAGE WELFARE INSURANCE POLICIES LOAN CAPACITY BUILDING CREDITWORTHINESS FEE SUBSIDY LEVELS OF ACCESS ACCESS TO MARKET SAVING TRANSACTION COST MARKET INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL BANK AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION MINORITY POPULATIONS SMALL FARMERS PUBLIC POLICY FAMILY INCOMES MORTGAGE LOAN CREDITS SAVINGS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE EQUAL RIGHT SUPPORT FOR WOMEN DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN HIGH INTEREST RATES JOB OPPORTUNITIES SOCIAL EXCLUSION EQUAL RIGHTS ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS GENDER MAINSTREAMING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEBTS INTEREST RATES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GENDER AWARENESS PREJUDICE POLICY DESIGN LAND RIGHTS AGRICULTURAL CREDITS SOCIAL SECURITY GENDER SENSITIVITY LOANS ENTERPRISES ETHNIC MINORITY FARMERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT GENDER ISSUES REAL ESTATE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FINANCE STATUS OF WOMEN ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS EDUCATED WOMEN ACCESS TO INFORMATION BANKS MICRO-CREDIT INCOME CATEGORY GRANT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERMANENT RESIDENTS CAPITAL EQUAL ACCESS SMALL ENTERPRISES GENDER DIFFERENCES ECONOMIC RESOURCES FAMILY OBLIGATIONS WOMAN FAMILY GENDER BANK CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY LABOUR MARKET URBAN AREAS HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURAL SECTOR REPAYMENT EDUCATION LEVEL ENTERPRISE PROPERTY SOCIAL NETWORKS MIGRANT WORKERS PERMANENT RESIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERESTS GENDERS SECURITY HUSBAND INVESTMENT HOUSEHOLDS MORTGAGE LOANS EQUALITY COLLATERAL LOAN SIZE COOPERATION MICRO CREDIT COOPERATIVES MINORITY GROUPS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD STUDENTS BORROWING FINANCIAL SUPPORT INVESTMENTS TECHNICAL SUPPORT MARRIED WOMEN BANKING SUPERVISION FEES FAMILIES WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR BARRIERS TO WOMEN COOPERATIVE MIGRANT WORKER GUARANTEE CREDIT FOR WOMEN GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY World Bank Group Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific China |
| description |
The reform of China's collectively
owned forest land, began in 2008, is arguably the largest
land-reform undertaking in modern times in terms of area and
people affected. Under the reform, forest lands have been
contracted to rural households, allowing them more
independence in exercising their rights and interests in the
forest lands, giving them more opportunities to improve
family incomes, and creating incentives for them to
cultivate, conserve, and manage forests. These lands are
home to some 610 million people, many of them poor. With
urbanization, vast numbers of Chinese men have migrated to
cities to work, leaving women as the predominant labor force
in rural areas. Indeed, some 70 percent of China’s
agriculture labor force is now female. The immense scope of
this change calls for a systematic examination of how
China's rural women gain access to and exploit forest
land and associated resources and services. The reform was
designed to unfold in two broad stages. In the first,
collectively owned forest lands suitable for contracting
were allocated on equal terms to each household in affected
villages. The ongoing second stage represents a deepening of
the reform. It deals with subsidies and ecological
compensation, financial services (including use of forest
tenure as collateral and transfers of forest land), forest
insurance, technical services and training, farmers’
associations and cooperatives, and market services. However,
the monitoring had not covered the gender dimension of the
reform, meaning that the gender data required to accurately
reflect the full effects of the reform have been lacking.
Building on the annual monitoring conducted by the FEDRC,
the study reported here added gender-related investigation
and analysis to obtain gender data about the current reform
situation, its problems, and their causes. It also included
structured interviews with rural women and group meetings
with local government agencies, women’s federations, and
village committees.The ultimate objective of the study is to
achieve better gender-responsiveness in China’s collective
forest tenure reform. Specifically, this includes: (i)
equality in access to and control of forest lands, as well
as access to associated resources and services; (ii) women’s
participation and equality in decision-making concerning the
conservation and utilization of forest resources; and (iii)
impacts of the first two aspects on the status and
well-being of women. The World Bank has had over 30 years
of successful cooperation with China in the forestry sector.
Women’s access to the services and resources that are the
focus of the second stage of the reform will be a critical
element of the World Bank’s continuing reform dialogue with
its Chinese partners. |
| format |
Report |
| author |
World Bank Group |
| author_facet |
World Bank Group |
| author_sort |
World Bank Group |
| title |
Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China |
| title_short |
Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China |
| title_full |
Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China |
| title_fullStr |
Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China |
| title_sort |
gender-dimensions of collective forest tenure reform in china |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/05/26437519/gender-dimensions-collective-forest-tenure-reform-china http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24725 |
| _version_ |
1764457406111154176 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-247252021-05-25T08:49:32Z Gender-Dimensions of Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China World Bank Group TAX INCENTIVES GENDER INDICATORS HOUSEHOLD INCOMES EMPOWERMENT CREDIT PROGRAM FINANCIAL SERVICES VILLAGES FACILITATION GENDER INEQUALITY PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ETHNIC MINORITIES FINANCING VILLAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN MORTGAGE APPLICATION LAND RIGHT INTEREST ADMINISTRATIVE COST EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES GENDER ISSUE GOVERNMENT FUNDING BIAS LEGAL AUTHORITIES INTEREST RATE PROPERTY RIGHTS CULTURAL BIAS DISCRIMINATION COOP EXCLUSION LEGAL ASSISTANCE ACCESS TO RESOURCES GUARANTORS MORTGAGE WELFARE INSURANCE POLICIES LOAN CAPACITY BUILDING CREDITWORTHINESS FEE SUBSIDY LEVELS OF ACCESS ACCESS TO MARKET SAVING TRANSACTION COST MARKET INFORMATION INTERNATIONAL BANK AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION MINORITY POPULATIONS SMALL FARMERS PUBLIC POLICY FAMILY INCOMES MORTGAGE LOAN CREDITS SAVINGS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE EQUAL RIGHT SUPPORT FOR WOMEN DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN HIGH INTEREST RATES JOB OPPORTUNITIES SOCIAL EXCLUSION EQUAL RIGHTS ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS GENDER MAINSTREAMING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEBTS INTEREST RATES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GENDER AWARENESS PREJUDICE POLICY DESIGN LAND RIGHTS AGRICULTURAL CREDITS SOCIAL SECURITY GENDER SENSITIVITY LOANS ENTERPRISES ETHNIC MINORITY FARMERS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT GENDER ISSUES REAL ESTATE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FINANCE STATUS OF WOMEN ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS EDUCATED WOMEN ACCESS TO INFORMATION BANKS MICRO-CREDIT INCOME CATEGORY GRANT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERMANENT RESIDENTS CAPITAL EQUAL ACCESS SMALL ENTERPRISES GENDER DIFFERENCES ECONOMIC RESOURCES FAMILY OBLIGATIONS WOMAN FAMILY GENDER BANK CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY LABOUR MARKET URBAN AREAS HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURAL SECTOR REPAYMENT EDUCATION LEVEL ENTERPRISE PROPERTY SOCIAL NETWORKS MIGRANT WORKERS PERMANENT RESIDENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INTERESTS GENDERS SECURITY HUSBAND INVESTMENT HOUSEHOLDS MORTGAGE LOANS EQUALITY COLLATERAL LOAN SIZE COOPERATION MICRO CREDIT COOPERATIVES MINORITY GROUPS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD STUDENTS BORROWING FINANCIAL SUPPORT INVESTMENTS TECHNICAL SUPPORT MARRIED WOMEN BANKING SUPERVISION FEES FAMILIES WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR BARRIERS TO WOMEN COOPERATIVE MIGRANT WORKER GUARANTEE CREDIT FOR WOMEN GENDER EQUALITY INEQUALITY The reform of China's collectively owned forest land, began in 2008, is arguably the largest land-reform undertaking in modern times in terms of area and people affected. Under the reform, forest lands have been contracted to rural households, allowing them more independence in exercising their rights and interests in the forest lands, giving them more opportunities to improve family incomes, and creating incentives for them to cultivate, conserve, and manage forests. These lands are home to some 610 million people, many of them poor. With urbanization, vast numbers of Chinese men have migrated to cities to work, leaving women as the predominant labor force in rural areas. Indeed, some 70 percent of China’s agriculture labor force is now female. The immense scope of this change calls for a systematic examination of how China's rural women gain access to and exploit forest land and associated resources and services. The reform was designed to unfold in two broad stages. In the first, collectively owned forest lands suitable for contracting were allocated on equal terms to each household in affected villages. The ongoing second stage represents a deepening of the reform. It deals with subsidies and ecological compensation, financial services (including use of forest tenure as collateral and transfers of forest land), forest insurance, technical services and training, farmers’ associations and cooperatives, and market services. However, the monitoring had not covered the gender dimension of the reform, meaning that the gender data required to accurately reflect the full effects of the reform have been lacking. Building on the annual monitoring conducted by the FEDRC, the study reported here added gender-related investigation and analysis to obtain gender data about the current reform situation, its problems, and their causes. It also included structured interviews with rural women and group meetings with local government agencies, women’s federations, and village committees.The ultimate objective of the study is to achieve better gender-responsiveness in China’s collective forest tenure reform. Specifically, this includes: (i) equality in access to and control of forest lands, as well as access to associated resources and services; (ii) women’s participation and equality in decision-making concerning the conservation and utilization of forest resources; and (iii) impacts of the first two aspects on the status and well-being of women. The World Bank has had over 30 years of successful cooperation with China in the forestry sector. Women’s access to the services and resources that are the focus of the second stage of the reform will be a critical element of the World Bank’s continuing reform dialogue with its Chinese partners. 2016-07-20T19:49:04Z 2016-07-20T19:49:04Z 2016-05 Report http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/05/26437519/gender-dimensions-collective-forest-tenure-reform-china http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24725 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Women in Development and Gender Study Economic & Sector Work East Asia and Pacific China |