Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends
Over a century ago, Schumpeter (1911) described the entrepreneur as a creative, driven individual who finds new combinations of (factors) of production to develop a new product, corner a new market, or design a new technology and he famously attrib...
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/952081479279116824/Female-entrepreneurship-in-Turkey-patterns-characteristics-and-trends http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25410 |
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okr-10986-254102021-04-23T14:04:31Z Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends Okten, Cagla women entrepreneurs female labor force participation small and medium-sized enterprises SME development microfinance Over a century ago, Schumpeter (1911) described the entrepreneur as a creative, driven individual who finds new combinations of (factors) of production to develop a new product, corner a new market, or design a new technology and he famously attributed endogenous development to the creative acts associated with entrepreneurial activity. This paper contributes to the understanding of female entrepreneurship in Turkey by analyzing the patterns and characteristics of female entrepreneurs and examining time trends in entrepreneurial activity. The data on entrepreneurs comes from data on employers and own account workers available in nationally representative Turkish household labor force surveys of 2004-2012. In Turkey, share of self-employed was 38 percent of total employment in 2012, much higher than the European Union (EU) - 27 average of 15 percent. However, the composition of self-employed in Turkey is markedly different than in EU-27. Only 13 percent of self-employed in Turkey are employers in contrast to 28 percent of self-employed in EU-27. This study is the first analyzing the effects of socio-demographic characteristics such as education, marital status, number of children, and urban or rural location on gender gap in entrepreneurship in Turkey. A multinomial logistic model was used where the odds of being an employer or own account worker over being inactive and unemployed was analyzed. It is found that higher education reduces the gender gap while marriage and number of children increases the gender gap in entrepreneurship. Perhaps surprisingly, living in an urban area also increases the gender gap as it increases the odds of becoming an employer for males and decreases the odds for females. The first section gives introduction. The section section deals with a brief literature survey on gender gap in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneur characteristics. In section three, the entrepreneurship setting for women in Turkey is described. Section four describes the data and methodology. Section five presents results. 2016-11-22T18:51:28Z 2016-11-22T18:51:28Z 2015-12 Report http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/952081479279116824/Female-entrepreneurship-in-Turkey-patterns-characteristics-and-trends http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25410 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Women in Development and Gender Study Economic & Sector Work Europe and Central Asia Turkey |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
women entrepreneurs female labor force participation small and medium-sized enterprises SME development microfinance |
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women entrepreneurs female labor force participation small and medium-sized enterprises SME development microfinance Okten, Cagla Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends |
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Europe and Central Asia Turkey |
| description |
Over a century ago, Schumpeter (1911)
described the entrepreneur as a creative, driven individual
who finds new combinations of (factors) of production to
develop a new product, corner a new market, or design a new
technology and he famously attributed endogenous development
to the creative acts associated with entrepreneurial
activity. This paper contributes to the understanding of
female entrepreneurship in Turkey by analyzing the patterns
and characteristics of female entrepreneurs and examining
time trends in entrepreneurial activity. The data on
entrepreneurs comes from data on employers and own account
workers available in nationally representative Turkish
household labor force surveys of 2004-2012. In Turkey, share
of self-employed was 38 percent of total employment in 2012,
much higher than the European Union (EU) - 27 average of 15
percent. However, the composition of self-employed in Turkey
is markedly different than in EU-27. Only 13 percent of
self-employed in Turkey are employers in contrast to 28
percent of self-employed in EU-27. This study is the first
analyzing the effects of socio-demographic characteristics
such as education, marital status, number of children, and
urban or rural location on gender gap in entrepreneurship in
Turkey. A multinomial logistic model was used where the odds
of being an employer or own account worker over being
inactive and unemployed was analyzed. It is found that
higher education reduces the gender gap while marriage and
number of children increases the gender gap in
entrepreneurship. Perhaps surprisingly, living in an urban
area also increases the gender gap as it increases the odds
of becoming an employer for males and decreases the odds for
females. The first section gives introduction. The section
section deals with a brief literature survey on gender gap
in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneur
characteristics. In section three, the entrepreneurship
setting for women in Turkey is described. Section four
describes the data and methodology. Section five presents results. |
| format |
Report |
| author |
Okten, Cagla |
| author_facet |
Okten, Cagla |
| author_sort |
Okten, Cagla |
| title |
Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends |
| title_short |
Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends |
| title_full |
Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends |
| title_fullStr |
Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends |
| title_sort |
female entrepreneurship in turkey : patterns, characteristics, and trends |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/952081479279116824/Female-entrepreneurship-in-Turkey-patterns-characteristics-and-trends http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25410 |
| _version_ |
1764459542569025536 |