Performance of Female Employers in Turkey
It is well documented that economic participation of women is very low in Turkey compared to that of men in the country. This gender disparity in economic participation is valid not only for participation in the labor market as a wage employee but...
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2016
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/711051479282741035/Performance-of-female-employers-in-Turkey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25411 |
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okr-10986-254112021-04-23T14:04:31Z Performance of Female Employers in Turkey Cebeci, Tolga female labor force participation inequality wages It is well documented that economic participation of women is very low in Turkey compared to that of men in the country. This gender disparity in economic participation is valid not only for participation in the labor market as a wage employee but also for entrepreneurship. Using European Union statistics on income and living conditions (SILC) dataset, this paper attempts to provide new insights on the high gender disparity in entrepreneurship in Turkey with giving special emphasis to distinguishing characteristics of successful female employers. SILC dataset covers the 2007-2010 period. This paper focuses on employers due to its importance over own-account workers (OAW) in creating jobs and increasing the impact of women in the economy. All tables and figure in this paper make use of the SILC dataset. The paper documents that female employers are in minority in Turkey not only among all working women but also among all employers in the economy. Moreover, female employers earn less than their male counterparts and their firms are generally smaller. As for their background, there is a low churning among female employers and majority of new female employers are transformed from inactivity and very few from wage employment. The paper confirms the importance of university education in closing gender gap. Proportional income gap between male and female employers is lowest among university graduates and highest among primary school and vocational high school graduates. It is also noteworthy that female employers are less educated than female full-time employers but male employers are more educated than full-time male employees. Section one gives introduction. Section two presents characteristics of female employers in comparison to male employers and other female work groups. Section three evaluates the success of female employers in terms of income they generate. Section four presents features of successful female employers. Section five discusses results and concludes. 2016-11-22T18:56:54Z 2016-11-22T18:56:54Z 2015-12 Report http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/711051479282741035/Performance-of-female-employers-in-Turkey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25411 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Women in Development and Gender Study Economic & Sector Work Europe and Central Asia Turkey |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
female labor force participation inequality wages |
| spellingShingle |
female labor force participation inequality wages Cebeci, Tolga Performance of Female Employers in Turkey |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia Turkey |
| description |
It is well documented that economic
participation of women is very low in Turkey compared to
that of men in the country. This gender disparity in
economic participation is valid not only for participation
in the labor market as a wage employee but also for
entrepreneurship. Using European Union statistics on income
and living conditions (SILC) dataset, this paper attempts to
provide new insights on the high gender disparity in
entrepreneurship in Turkey with giving special emphasis to
distinguishing characteristics of successful female
employers. SILC dataset covers the 2007-2010 period. This
paper focuses on employers due to its importance over
own-account workers (OAW) in creating jobs and increasing
the impact of women in the economy. All tables and figure in
this paper make use of the SILC dataset. The paper documents
that female employers are in minority in Turkey not only
among all working women but also among all employers in the
economy. Moreover, female employers earn less than their
male counterparts and their firms are generally smaller. As
for their background, there is a low churning among female
employers and majority of new female employers are
transformed from inactivity and very few from wage
employment. The paper confirms the importance of university
education in closing gender gap. Proportional income gap
between male and female employers is lowest among university
graduates and highest among primary school and vocational
high school graduates. It is also noteworthy that female
employers are less educated than female full-time employers
but male employers are more educated than full-time male
employees. Section one gives introduction. Section two
presents characteristics of female employers in comparison
to male employers and other female work groups. Section
three evaluates the success of female employers in terms of
income they generate. Section four presents features of
successful female employers. Section five discusses results
and concludes. |
| format |
Report |
| author |
Cebeci, Tolga |
| author_facet |
Cebeci, Tolga |
| author_sort |
Cebeci, Tolga |
| title |
Performance of Female Employers in Turkey |
| title_short |
Performance of Female Employers in Turkey |
| title_full |
Performance of Female Employers in Turkey |
| title_fullStr |
Performance of Female Employers in Turkey |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Performance of Female Employers in Turkey |
| title_sort |
performance of female employers in turkey |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/711051479282741035/Performance-of-female-employers-in-Turkey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25411 |
| _version_ |
1764459711614156800 |