Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms

A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many defi...

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Main Author: World Bank
Format: Publication
Language:English
Published: World Bank 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20090827043440
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2669
id okr-10986-2669
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
topic ACCESS TO CAPITAL
ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES
ACCESS TO LOANS
AGE OF RETIREMENT
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
BANK CREDIT
BANK LOAN
BANK LOANS
BANKS
BENEFICIARIES
BORROWING
BRIBES
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
BUSINESS LOANS
BUSINESS OWNER
BUSINESS OWNERS
BUSINESS PLANS
CALCULATION
CALCULATIONS
CAPACITY OF WOMEN
CAPITAL STOCK
CARE FOR CHILDREN
CHILD CARE
COLLATERAL
CONTRIBUTIONS
CORRUPTION
COST OF CREDIT
CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS
CREDIT INSTITUTIONS
CREDIT PROGRAMS
CRIME
CURRENCY
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER BASE
CYCLE OF POVERTY
DAY-CARE
DEBT
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISABILITY
DISABILITY BENEFITS
DISCRIMINATION
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
DISMISSAL
DISMISSALS
DIVORCED WOMEN
EARNING CAPACITY
EARNINGS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EDUCATION OF WOMEN
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYER
EMPLOYERS
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
ENROLLMENT
ENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY
ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN
EXCLUSION
EXPENDITURE
FAMILIES
FAMILY INCOME
FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES OF WOMEN
FEMALE
FEMALE BUSINESS
FEMALE EMPLOYEES
FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
FEMALE ENTERPRISE
FEMALE ENTERPRISES
FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
FEMALE LABOR
FEMALE LABOR FORCE
FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
FEMALE POPULATION
FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS
FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES
FEMALES
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL LITERACY
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCING MECHANISMS
FISCAL RESOURCES
FORMAL BANKING
FORMAL BANKS
FORMAL CREDIT
FORMAL EDUCATION
FORMAL SAVINGS
FORMAL WORKFORCE
GENDER
GENDER ACTION
GENDER ANALYSIS
GENDER DIFFERENCES
GENDER GAP
GENDER GAPS
GENDER ROLES
GENDER STEREOTYPES
GENDER WAGE GAPS
GIRLS
GROWTH PLANS
HANDICRAFTS
HEALTH INSURANCE
HOME
HOMES
HOUSEHOLD BUDGET
HOUSEHOLD CHORES
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SPENDING
HOUSEHOLD WELFARE
HOUSEHOLDS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUSBAND
HUSBANDS
INCOME LEVELS
INDIGENOUS WOMEN
INEQUALITIES
INFORMAL SAVING
INFORMAL SECTOR
INFORMAL SECTORS
INFORMAL WORKER
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INPUT PRICES
INSURANCE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR FORCES
LABOR LAW
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOUR ORGANIZATION
LACK OF ACCESS
LACK OF INFORMATION
LARGE FIRMS
LEGAL STATUS
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LIMITED ACCESS
LOAN APPLICATIONS
MARITAL STATUS
MARKET CONSTRAINTS
MARKETING
MARKETING CAMPAIGNS
MARRIED MEN
MARRIED WOMEN
MATERNITY BENEFITS
MATERNITY LEAVE
MICRO CREDIT
MICRO ENTERPRISES
MICRO-CREDIT
MICRO-ENTERPRISE
MICRO-FINANCE
MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
MICROCREDIT
MICROFINANCE
MINISTRY OF WOMEN
MOBILITY FOR WOMEN
NEW MARKETS
NUTRITION
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
PENSION
PENSION FUNDS
PENSION SYSTEM
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY
PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PROPERTY RIGHTS
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
RATES OF RETURN
REAL ESTATE
RECEIPTS
REPAYMENT
RULE OF LAW
SALARIED WORKERS
SALARY
SAVINGS
SAVINGS ACCOUNT
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
SELF-SUFFICIENCY
SENIOR
SINGLE WOMAN
SINGLE WOMEN
SMALL ENTERPRISE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SMALL LOANS
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SOURCES OF FINANCE
START-UP
START-UPS
SUPPLY OF CREDIT
TERM CONTRACTS
TERMINATION
UNDP
UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
UNMARRIED WOMEN
URBAN AREAS
USAID
WAGE
WAGE GAP
WAGES
WIFE
WILL
WOMAN
WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS
WORK HOURS
WORKING CAPITAL
WORKING MOTHERS
YEARS OF SERVICE
YOUNG CHILDREN
spellingShingle ACCESS TO CAPITAL
ACCESS TO CREDIT
ACCESS TO FINANCE
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES
ACCESS TO LOANS
AGE OF RETIREMENT
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
BANK CREDIT
BANK LOAN
BANK LOANS
BANKS
BENEFICIARIES
BORROWING
BRIBES
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
BUSINESS LOANS
BUSINESS OWNER
BUSINESS OWNERS
BUSINESS PLANS
CALCULATION
CALCULATIONS
CAPACITY OF WOMEN
CAPITAL STOCK
CARE FOR CHILDREN
CHILD CARE
COLLATERAL
CONTRIBUTIONS
CORRUPTION
COST OF CREDIT
CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS
CREDIT INSTITUTIONS
CREDIT PROGRAMS
CRIME
CURRENCY
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER BASE
CYCLE OF POVERTY
DAY-CARE
DEBT
DEVELOPMENT BANK
DISABILITY
DISABILITY BENEFITS
DISCRIMINATION
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
DISMISSAL
DISMISSALS
DIVORCED WOMEN
EARNING CAPACITY
EARNINGS
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
ECONOMIC POLICY
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
EDUCATION OF WOMEN
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYER
EMPLOYERS
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
ENROLLMENT
ENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY
ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN
EXCLUSION
EXPENDITURE
FAMILIES
FAMILY INCOME
FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES OF WOMEN
FEMALE
FEMALE BUSINESS
FEMALE EMPLOYEES
FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
FEMALE ENTERPRISE
FEMALE ENTERPRISES
FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
FEMALE LABOR
FEMALE LABOR FORCE
FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
FEMALE POPULATION
FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS
FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES
FEMALES
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL LITERACY
FINANCIAL SECTOR
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCING MECHANISMS
FISCAL RESOURCES
FORMAL BANKING
FORMAL BANKS
FORMAL CREDIT
FORMAL EDUCATION
FORMAL SAVINGS
FORMAL WORKFORCE
GENDER
GENDER ACTION
GENDER ANALYSIS
GENDER DIFFERENCES
GENDER GAP
GENDER GAPS
GENDER ROLES
GENDER STEREOTYPES
GENDER WAGE GAPS
GIRLS
GROWTH PLANS
HANDICRAFTS
HEALTH INSURANCE
HOME
HOMES
HOUSEHOLD BUDGET
HOUSEHOLD CHORES
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SPENDING
HOUSEHOLD WELFARE
HOUSEHOLDS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUSBAND
HUSBANDS
INCOME LEVELS
INDIGENOUS WOMEN
INEQUALITIES
INFORMAL SAVING
INFORMAL SECTOR
INFORMAL SECTORS
INFORMAL WORKER
INFORMATION SYSTEM
INPUT PRICES
INSURANCE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
JOB SECURITY
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR FORCES
LABOR LAW
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOUR ORGANIZATION
LACK OF ACCESS
LACK OF INFORMATION
LARGE FIRMS
LEGAL STATUS
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
LIMITED ACCESS
LOAN APPLICATIONS
MARITAL STATUS
MARKET CONSTRAINTS
MARKETING
MARKETING CAMPAIGNS
MARRIED MEN
MARRIED WOMEN
MATERNITY BENEFITS
MATERNITY LEAVE
MICRO CREDIT
MICRO ENTERPRISES
MICRO-CREDIT
MICRO-ENTERPRISE
MICRO-FINANCE
MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
MICROCREDIT
MICROFINANCE
MINISTRY OF WOMEN
MOBILITY FOR WOMEN
NEW MARKETS
NUTRITION
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
PENSION
PENSION FUNDS
PENSION SYSTEM
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY
PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITABILITY
PROPERTY RIGHTS
PUBLIC INVESTMENT
RATES OF RETURN
REAL ESTATE
RECEIPTS
REPAYMENT
RULE OF LAW
SALARIED WORKERS
SALARY
SAVINGS
SAVINGS ACCOUNT
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
SELF-SUFFICIENCY
SENIOR
SINGLE WOMAN
SINGLE WOMEN
SMALL ENTERPRISE
SMALL ENTERPRISES
SMALL LOANS
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
SOCIAL SECURITY
SOURCES OF FINANCE
START-UP
START-UPS
SUPPLY OF CREDIT
TERM CONTRACTS
TERMINATION
UNDP
UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
UNMARRIED WOMEN
URBAN AREAS
USAID
WAGE
WAGE GAP
WAGES
WIFE
WILL
WOMAN
WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS
WORK HOURS
WORKING CAPITAL
WORKING MOTHERS
YEARS OF SERVICE
YOUNG CHILDREN
World Bank
Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
geographic_facet Latin America & Caribbean
South America
Latin America
Bolivia
relation World Bank Country Study
description A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many definitions and measures. It also provides a rationale for promoting formality given the many negative effects of a high rate of informality. These negative effects include a lower growth potential as informal firms tend to be less productive owing to limited access to physical, financial, and human capital, and a smaller scale of operations; negative fiscal impacts as informal firms "free ride" on services provided with fiscal resources; and negative social externalities, including weaker rule of law and public institutions, increased corruption, and weakened ability to enforce contracts. A second goal of this study is to identify gender-based productivity constraints that hinder the growth of female-owned businesses. First, author's analysis of the impact of formality on profitability shows that the gains of formalization for most female-owned businesses increase as the firms grow. Second, author's find that the smaller scale of operation of female-owned firms is one of the main causes of gender-based differences in productivity and profitability. However, most of the differences between male and female-owned firms diminish or disappear as firms grow.
format Publications & Research :: Publication
author World Bank
author_facet World Bank
author_sort World Bank
title Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
title_short Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
title_full Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
title_fullStr Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
title_full_unstemmed Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
title_sort gender in bolivian production : reducing differences in formality and productivity of firms
publisher World Bank
publishDate 2012
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20090827043440
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2669
_version_ 1764385794545418240
spelling okr-10986-26692021-04-23T14:02:03Z Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms World Bank ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ACCESS TO LOANS AGE OF RETIREMENT AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES BANK CREDIT BANK LOAN BANK LOANS BANKS BENEFICIARIES BORROWING BRIBES BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS BUSINESS LOANS BUSINESS OWNER BUSINESS OWNERS BUSINESS PLANS CALCULATION CALCULATIONS CAPACITY OF WOMEN CAPITAL STOCK CARE FOR CHILDREN CHILD CARE COLLATERAL CONTRIBUTIONS CORRUPTION COST OF CREDIT CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS CREDIT INSTITUTIONS CREDIT PROGRAMS CRIME CURRENCY CUSTOM CUSTOMER BASE CYCLE OF POVERTY DAY-CARE DEBT DEVELOPMENT BANK DISABILITY DISABILITY BENEFITS DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DISMISSAL DISMISSALS DIVORCED WOMEN EARNING CAPACITY EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIES OF SCALE EDUCATION OF WOMEN EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENROLLMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN EXCLUSION EXPENDITURE FAMILIES FAMILY INCOME FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES OF WOMEN FEMALE FEMALE BUSINESS FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE ENTERPRISE FEMALE ENTERPRISES FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE POPULATION FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES FEMALES FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL LITERACY FINANCIAL SECTOR FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCING MECHANISMS FISCAL RESOURCES FORMAL BANKING FORMAL BANKS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL EDUCATION FORMAL SAVINGS FORMAL WORKFORCE GENDER GENDER ACTION GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER ROLES GENDER STEREOTYPES GENDER WAGE GAPS GIRLS GROWTH PLANS HANDICRAFTS HEALTH INSURANCE HOME HOMES HOUSEHOLD BUDGET HOUSEHOLD CHORES HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SPENDING HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUSBAND HUSBANDS INCOME LEVELS INDIGENOUS WOMEN INEQUALITIES INFORMAL SAVING INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTORS INFORMAL WORKER INFORMATION SYSTEM INPUT PRICES INSURANCE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK JOB SECURITY LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR FORCES LABOR LAW LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOUR ORGANIZATION LACK OF ACCESS LACK OF INFORMATION LARGE FIRMS LEGAL STATUS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIMITED ACCESS LOAN APPLICATIONS MARITAL STATUS MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKETING MARKETING CAMPAIGNS MARRIED MEN MARRIED WOMEN MATERNITY BENEFITS MATERNITY LEAVE MICRO CREDIT MICRO ENTERPRISES MICRO-CREDIT MICRO-ENTERPRISE MICRO-FINANCE MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS MICROCREDIT MICROFINANCE MINISTRY OF WOMEN MOBILITY FOR WOMEN NEW MARKETS NUTRITION OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN PENSION PENSION FUNDS PENSION SYSTEM PHYSICAL CAPITAL PRIVATIZATION PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL PRODUCTIVITY PROFITABILITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT RATES OF RETURN REAL ESTATE RECEIPTS REPAYMENT RULE OF LAW SALARIED WORKERS SALARY SAVINGS SAVINGS ACCOUNT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SELF-SUFFICIENCY SENIOR SINGLE WOMAN SINGLE WOMEN SMALL ENTERPRISE SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL LOANS SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS SOCIAL SECURITY SOURCES OF FINANCE START-UP START-UPS SUPPLY OF CREDIT TERM CONTRACTS TERMINATION UNDP UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT UNMARRIED WOMEN URBAN AREAS USAID WAGE WAGE GAP WAGES WIFE WILL WOMAN WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS WORK HOURS WORKING CAPITAL WORKING MOTHERS YEARS OF SERVICE YOUNG CHILDREN A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many definitions and measures. It also provides a rationale for promoting formality given the many negative effects of a high rate of informality. These negative effects include a lower growth potential as informal firms tend to be less productive owing to limited access to physical, financial, and human capital, and a smaller scale of operations; negative fiscal impacts as informal firms "free ride" on services provided with fiscal resources; and negative social externalities, including weaker rule of law and public institutions, increased corruption, and weakened ability to enforce contracts. A second goal of this study is to identify gender-based productivity constraints that hinder the growth of female-owned businesses. First, author's analysis of the impact of formality on profitability shows that the gains of formalization for most female-owned businesses increase as the firms grow. Second, author's find that the smaller scale of operation of female-owned firms is one of the main causes of gender-based differences in productivity and profitability. However, most of the differences between male and female-owned firms diminish or disappear as firms grow. 2012-03-19T10:04:24Z 2012-03-19T10:04:24Z 2009-07-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20090827043440 978-0-8213-8014-7 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2669 English World Bank Country Study CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication Latin America & Caribbean South America Latin America Bolivia