Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries

The sound of children's voices reciting in unison could be heard from afar, as our mission approached a school in rural Cambodia. Inside a second-grade classroom, students took turns at the blackboard. One pointed with a stick at a list of wor...

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Main Author: Abadzi, Helen
Format: Working Paper
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:
LET
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601931468339019423/Learning-essentials-for-international-education-a-compendium-of-summaries
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27860
id okr-10986-27860
recordtype oai_dc
repository_type Digital Repository
institution_category Foreign Institution
institution Digital Repositories
building World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection World Bank
language English
en_US
topic ACHIEVEMENT OUTCOMES
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE
ADULT ILLITERACY
ADULTS
AMOUNT OF KNOWLEDGE
ARITHMETIC
BASIC READING
BASIC SKILLS
BILINGUALISM
BROADCASTING
CALL
CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
CHURCHES
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES
CLASSROOM LEARNING
CLASSROOM LEVEL
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
CLASSROOM TIME
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
COLONIAL LANGUAGES
COMPETENCIES
CRITICAL THINKING
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR MATERIAL
CURRICULUM
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
DISCOVERY LEARNING
DROPOUT RATES
EARLY DROPOUT
EARLY GRADES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATED PARENTS
EDUCATED TEACHERS
EDUCATED WORKERS
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION FOR ALL INITIATIVE
EDUCATION POLICY
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES
EDUCATIONAL FINANCING
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
EDUCATORS
ELEMENTS
END OF GRADE
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
EXPENDITURES
FACULTIES
FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE
GENERAL EDUCATION
HIGH DROPOUT
HIGHER EDUCATION
HOMEWORK
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN LEARNING
ILLITERACY
ILLITERATE CHILDREN
ILLITERATE PARENTS
ILLITERATES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL CONDITIONS
INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY
INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
INSTRUCTIONAL TIME
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
INTERVENTIONS
KINDERGARTENS
LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION
LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION
LEARNING
LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
LEARNING CAPACITY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEARNING TIME
LECTURES
LET
LIBRARY BOOKS
LIFELONG LEARNING
LINGUISTIC MINORITIES
LITERACY SKILLS
LITERATURE
LOCAL PRINTING
LOW-INCOME STUDENTS
MATH SKILLS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MOTHER TONGUE
MOTHER-TONGUE
NATIONAL LANGUAGES
NONFORMAL EDUCATION
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMERACY
NUTRITION
PARENTAL SUPPORT
POOR READERS
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY GRADES
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRINCIPALS
PRINTING
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFICIENCY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
QUALITY EDUCATION
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
QUALITY SCHOOLS
RATES OF RETURN
READING
READING COMPREHENSION
READING INSTRUCTION
REASONING
RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
REPETITION
REPETITION RATES
RURAL SCHOOL
SCHOOL CLIMATE
SCHOOL CURRICULA
SCHOOL DAY
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL PERFORMANCE
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE CONTENT
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY STUDENTS
STUDENT ABSENTEEISM
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT PROGRESS
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
SUBJECT MATTER
SUBJECTS
TARGET SCHOOLS
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES
TEACHER UNIONS
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING SKILLS
TEACHING STAFF
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOKS
TRAINING OF TEACHERS
TUTORING
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
WHOLE LANGUAGE APPROACH
WORKERS
WRITING SYSTEMS
YOUTH
spellingShingle ACHIEVEMENT OUTCOMES
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE
ADULT ILLITERACY
ADULTS
AMOUNT OF KNOWLEDGE
ARITHMETIC
BASIC READING
BASIC SKILLS
BILINGUALISM
BROADCASTING
CALL
CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
CHURCHES
CLASS ACTIVITIES
CLASS TIME
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES
CLASSROOM LEARNING
CLASSROOM LEVEL
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
CLASSROOM TIME
CLASSROOMS
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
COLONIAL LANGUAGES
COMPETENCIES
CRITICAL THINKING
CURRICULA
CURRICULAR MATERIAL
CURRICULUM
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
DISCOVERY LEARNING
DROPOUT RATES
EARLY DROPOUT
EARLY GRADES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATED PARENTS
EDUCATED TEACHERS
EDUCATED WORKERS
EDUCATION BUDGET
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION FOR ALL
EDUCATION FOR ALL INITIATIVE
EDUCATION POLICY
EDUCATION QUALITY
EDUCATION SECTOR
EDUCATION SYSTEM
EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES
EDUCATIONAL FINANCING
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
EDUCATORS
ELEMENTS
END OF GRADE
ENROLLMENT
ENROLLMENT FIGURES
EXPENDITURES
FACULTIES
FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE
GENERAL EDUCATION
HIGH DROPOUT
HIGHER EDUCATION
HOMEWORK
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN LEARNING
ILLITERACY
ILLITERATE CHILDREN
ILLITERATE PARENTS
ILLITERATES
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL CONDITIONS
INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY
INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
INSTRUCTIONAL TIME
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
INTERVENTIONS
KINDERGARTENS
LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION
LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION
LEARNING
LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
LEARNING CAPACITY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEARNING TIME
LECTURES
LET
LIBRARY BOOKS
LIFELONG LEARNING
LINGUISTIC MINORITIES
LITERACY SKILLS
LITERATURE
LOCAL PRINTING
LOW-INCOME STUDENTS
MATH SKILLS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MOTHER TONGUE
MOTHER-TONGUE
NATIONAL LANGUAGES
NONFORMAL EDUCATION
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
NUMERACY
NUTRITION
PARENTAL SUPPORT
POOR READERS
PRIMARY EDUCATION
PRIMARY GRADES
PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRINCIPALS
PRINTING
PRIVATE TUTORING
PROFICIENCY
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
QUALITY EDUCATION
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
QUALITY SCHOOLS
RATES OF RETURN
READING
READING COMPREHENSION
READING INSTRUCTION
REASONING
RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
REPETITION
REPETITION RATES
RURAL SCHOOL
SCHOOL CLIMATE
SCHOOL CURRICULA
SCHOOL DAY
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL LEVELS
SCHOOL PERFORMANCE
SCHOOL YEAR
SCHOOLING
SCHOOLS
SCIENCE CONTENT
SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY STUDENTS
STUDENT ABSENTEEISM
STUDENT LEARNING
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
STUDENT PROGRESS
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING
SUBJECT MATTER
SUBJECTS
TARGET SCHOOLS
TEACHER
TEACHER ABSENTEEISM
TEACHER SALARIES
TEACHER TRAINEES
TEACHER TRAINING
TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES
TEACHER UNIONS
TEACHERS
TEACHING
TEACHING AIDS
TEACHING METHODS
TEACHING SKILLS
TEACHING STAFF
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
TEXTBOOK
TEXTBOOKS
TRAINING OF TEACHERS
TUTORING
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
WHOLE LANGUAGE APPROACH
WORKERS
WRITING SYSTEMS
YOUTH
Abadzi, Helen
Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries
relation GPE Working Paper Series on Learning;No. 10
description The sound of children's voices reciting in unison could be heard from afar, as our mission approached a school in rural Cambodia. Inside a second-grade classroom, students took turns at the blackboard. One pointed with a stick at a list of words written by the teacher, while the rest recited. A colleague approached, wrote on the blackboard the same words in a different order, and asked the children to read. Suddenly, there was silence. Most kids had merely memorized the sequence of the words and could not even identify single letters. This scene is frequent. In the poorer schools of low-income countries, many students remain illiterate for years, until they finally drop out. With some care, the process is observable. Typically the teacher writes on the board some letters or words and asks students to repeat them. The letters may be scribbled, the children often sit at a distance, textbooks may be insufficient, and children may not have anyone at home to help them read. But they do repeat the words in unison, getting cues from a few knowledgeable classmates. The teachers stand by the blackboard, address students at large, and call on the few who perform well. How come this issue has not attracted attention? One reason is that in the middle-class schools of capitals students perform much better. Soon after our rural observations, we observed second graders in a middleclass school of Pnom Penh fluently handling the extremely complex Khmer script. However, the schools of the poor have less time for their students. There is teacher absenteeism, a lack of textbooks to take home, parental inability to make up for school weaknesses, no specific curricular time for reading. The result has been chronic illiteracy, high dropout and high repetition rates. To reduce repetition and maximize enrollments, some donors advise governments to promote students automatically.
format Working Paper
author Abadzi, Helen
author_facet Abadzi, Helen
author_sort Abadzi, Helen
title Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries
title_short Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries
title_full Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries
title_fullStr Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries
title_full_unstemmed Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries
title_sort learning essentials for international education : a compendium of summaries
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2017
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601931468339019423/Learning-essentials-for-international-education-a-compendium-of-summaries
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27860
_version_ 1764465095639826432
spelling okr-10986-278602021-04-23T14:04:44Z Learning Essentials for International Education : A Compendium of Summaries Abadzi, Helen ACHIEVEMENT OUTCOMES ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE ADULT ILLITERACY ADULTS AMOUNT OF KNOWLEDGE ARITHMETIC BASIC READING BASIC SKILLS BILINGUALISM BROADCASTING CALL CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT CHURCHES CLASS ACTIVITIES CLASS TIME CLASSROOM CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES CLASSROOM LEARNING CLASSROOM LEVEL CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT CLASSROOM TIME CLASSROOMS COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY COLONIAL LANGUAGES COMPETENCIES CRITICAL THINKING CURRICULA CURRICULAR MATERIAL CURRICULUM CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DISCOVERY LEARNING DROPOUT RATES EARLY DROPOUT EARLY GRADES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EDUCATED PARENTS EDUCATED TEACHERS EDUCATED WORKERS EDUCATION BUDGET EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION FOR ALL EDUCATION FOR ALL INITIATIVE EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION QUALITY EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL FINANCING EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS EDUCATORS ELEMENTS END OF GRADE ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT FIGURES EXPENDITURES FACULTIES FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE GENERAL EDUCATION HIGH DROPOUT HIGHER EDUCATION HOMEWORK HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN LEARNING ILLITERACY ILLITERATE CHILDREN ILLITERATE PARENTS ILLITERATES INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTIONAL CONDITIONS INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES INSTRUCTIONAL TIME INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION INTERVENTIONS KINDERGARTENS LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING ACTIVITIES LEARNING CAPACITY LEARNING OUTCOMES LEARNING TIME LECTURES LET LIBRARY BOOKS LIFELONG LEARNING LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LITERACY SKILLS LITERATURE LOCAL PRINTING LOW-INCOME STUDENTS MATH SKILLS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MOTHER TONGUE MOTHER-TONGUE NATIONAL LANGUAGES NONFORMAL EDUCATION NUMBER OF STUDENTS NUMERACY NUTRITION PARENTAL SUPPORT POOR READERS PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS PRINTING PRIVATE TUTORING PROFICIENCY PUBLIC EXPENDITURES QUALITY EDUCATION QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY SCHOOLS RATES OF RETURN READING READING COMPREHENSION READING INSTRUCTION REASONING RECURRENT EXPENDITURE REPETITION REPETITION RATES RURAL SCHOOL SCHOOL CLIMATE SCHOOL CURRICULA SCHOOL DAY SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL LEVELS SCHOOL PERFORMANCE SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SCIENCE CONTENT SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY STUDENTS STUDENT ABSENTEEISM STUDENT LEARNING STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT PROGRESS STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING SUBJECT MATTER SUBJECTS TARGET SCHOOLS TEACHER TEACHER ABSENTEEISM TEACHER SALARIES TEACHER TRAINEES TEACHER TRAINING TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES TEACHER UNIONS TEACHERS TEACHING TEACHING AIDS TEACHING METHODS TEACHING SKILLS TEACHING STAFF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TEXTBOOK TEXTBOOKS TRAINING OF TEACHERS TUTORING VOCATIONAL EDUCATION WHOLE LANGUAGE APPROACH WORKERS WRITING SYSTEMS YOUTH The sound of children's voices reciting in unison could be heard from afar, as our mission approached a school in rural Cambodia. Inside a second-grade classroom, students took turns at the blackboard. One pointed with a stick at a list of words written by the teacher, while the rest recited. A colleague approached, wrote on the blackboard the same words in a different order, and asked the children to read. Suddenly, there was silence. Most kids had merely memorized the sequence of the words and could not even identify single letters. This scene is frequent. In the poorer schools of low-income countries, many students remain illiterate for years, until they finally drop out. With some care, the process is observable. Typically the teacher writes on the board some letters or words and asks students to repeat them. The letters may be scribbled, the children often sit at a distance, textbooks may be insufficient, and children may not have anyone at home to help them read. But they do repeat the words in unison, getting cues from a few knowledgeable classmates. The teachers stand by the blackboard, address students at large, and call on the few who perform well. How come this issue has not attracted attention? One reason is that in the middle-class schools of capitals students perform much better. Soon after our rural observations, we observed second graders in a middleclass school of Pnom Penh fluently handling the extremely complex Khmer script. However, the schools of the poor have less time for their students. There is teacher absenteeism, a lack of textbooks to take home, parental inability to make up for school weaknesses, no specific curricular time for reading. The result has been chronic illiteracy, high dropout and high repetition rates. To reduce repetition and maximize enrollments, some donors advise governments to promote students automatically. 2017-08-15T19:28:32Z 2017-08-15T19:28:32Z 2010-03-23 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/601931468339019423/Learning-essentials-for-international-education-a-compendium-of-summaries http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27860 English en_US GPE Working Paper Series on Learning;No. 10 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Working Paper Publications & Research