Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam

Although economic reform has brought remarkable progress in poverty reduction in Vietnam, the scale and depth of ethnic minority poverty in Vietnam presents one of the major challenges to achieving the targets for poverty reduction set out in the S...

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Main Authors:	Baulch, Bob, Nguyen, Thi Minh Hoa, Nguyen, Thi Thu Phuong, Pham, Thai Hung
Format:	Report
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE TERMS ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ADEQUATE NUTRITION ADULT LIFE ADULTS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BARRIER BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE CHILD NUTRITION CHRONIC ILLNESS CHRONIC MALNUTRITION CLASSROOMS COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNAL LAND COMMUNITIES CROP INCOME CROP LAND CROPLAND CULTURAL PRACTICES DISCRIMINATION DISEASES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION EXPANSION EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGES EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS EDUCATIONS ENROLMENT RATES EQUALITY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY ETHNIC MINORITY AREAS ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES FAMILY PLANNING FARM ACTIVITIES FARM INCOME FARM PRODUCTIVITY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROPS FOOD INTAKE FUTURE GROWTH GENDER GENDER ISSUES GEOGRAPHIC REGION GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL HOSPITAL HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSING ILLNESS IMPACT OF EDUCATION INADEQUATE FOOD INCIDENCE OF DISEASE INDICATORS OF POVERTY INEQUALITY INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IRRIGATION JOBS LABOUR FORCE LABOUR MARKET LAND ASSETS LAND HOLDINGS LAND OWNERSHIP LAND QUALITY LAND REFORM LAND REFORMS LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LANGUAGE BARRIERS LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT LIMITED RESOURCES LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING CONDITIONS FOR TEACHERS LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL FARMERS MAINSTREAM MARKET ECONOMY MATERNAL MORTALITY MATERNITY LEAVE MICRO-CREDIT MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MOTHER MOTHER TONGUE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATES NEWBORNS NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PUPILS NUTRITION NUTRITION INDICATORS NUTRITION STATUS NUTRITIONAL STATUS OWNERSHIP OF LAND PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POOR POOR GROUPS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NUTRITION POPULATION CHANGE POVERTY GAP POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY UPDATE PREGNANCY PRIMARY DATA PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY ENROLMENTS PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY PRIMARY NET ENROLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY TEACHING RADIO REGIONAL PROGRAMS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS REMOTE AREAS RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL GROUPS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SAFE DRINKING WATER SAFE WATER SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL BUDGETS SCHOOL DROP SCHOOL DROP-OUTS SCHOOL DROPOUTS SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL SECONDARY STUDENTS SELF-ESTEEM SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL BENEFITS SOCIAL CONDITIONS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIETIES SOCIETY SOVEREIGNTY STEREOTYPES STEREOTYPING TARGETING TEACHING METHODS TEENAGERS TELEVISION TOTAL POVERTY TRANSPORTATION URBAN AREAS USE PER CAPITA VITAMIN A VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORKING MOTHERS WORTH YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG PEOPLE
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/495591468321292112/Ethnic-minority-poverty-in-Vietnam http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28100

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institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
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language	English en_US
topic	ABSOLUTE TERMS ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ADEQUATE NUTRITION ADULT LIFE ADULTS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BARRIER BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE CHILD NUTRITION CHRONIC ILLNESS CHRONIC MALNUTRITION CLASSROOMS COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNAL LAND COMMUNITIES CROP INCOME CROP LAND CROPLAND CULTURAL PRACTICES DISCRIMINATION DISEASES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION EXPANSION EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGES EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS EDUCATIONS ENROLMENT RATES EQUALITY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY ETHNIC MINORITY AREAS ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES FAMILY PLANNING FARM ACTIVITIES FARM INCOME FARM PRODUCTIVITY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROPS FOOD INTAKE FUTURE GROWTH GENDER GENDER ISSUES GEOGRAPHIC REGION GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL HOSPITAL HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSING ILLNESS IMPACT OF EDUCATION INADEQUATE FOOD INCIDENCE OF DISEASE INDICATORS OF POVERTY INEQUALITY INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IRRIGATION JOBS LABOUR FORCE LABOUR MARKET LAND ASSETS LAND HOLDINGS LAND OWNERSHIP LAND QUALITY LAND REFORM LAND REFORMS LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LANGUAGE BARRIERS LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT LIMITED RESOURCES LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING CONDITIONS FOR TEACHERS LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL FARMERS MAINSTREAM MARKET ECONOMY MATERNAL MORTALITY MATERNITY LEAVE MICRO-CREDIT MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MOTHER MOTHER TONGUE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATES NEWBORNS NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PUPILS NUTRITION NUTRITION INDICATORS NUTRITION STATUS NUTRITIONAL STATUS OWNERSHIP OF LAND PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POOR POOR GROUPS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NUTRITION POPULATION CHANGE POVERTY GAP POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY UPDATE PREGNANCY PRIMARY DATA PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY ENROLMENTS PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY PRIMARY NET ENROLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY TEACHING RADIO REGIONAL PROGRAMS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS REMOTE AREAS RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL GROUPS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SAFE DRINKING WATER SAFE WATER SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL BUDGETS SCHOOL DROP SCHOOL DROP-OUTS SCHOOL DROPOUTS SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL SECONDARY STUDENTS SELF-ESTEEM SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL BENEFITS SOCIAL CONDITIONS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIETIES SOCIETY SOVEREIGNTY STEREOTYPES STEREOTYPING TARGETING TEACHING METHODS TEENAGERS TELEVISION TOTAL POVERTY TRANSPORTATION URBAN AREAS USE PER CAPITA VITAMIN A VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORKING MOTHERS WORTH YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG PEOPLE
spellingShingle	ABSOLUTE TERMS ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ADEQUATE NUTRITION ADULT LIFE ADULTS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BARRIER BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE CHILD NUTRITION CHRONIC ILLNESS CHRONIC MALNUTRITION CLASSROOMS COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNAL LAND COMMUNITIES CROP INCOME CROP LAND CROPLAND CULTURAL PRACTICES DISCRIMINATION DISEASES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION EXPANSION EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGES EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS EDUCATIONS ENROLMENT RATES EQUALITY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY ETHNIC MINORITY AREAS ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES FAMILY PLANNING FARM ACTIVITIES FARM INCOME FARM PRODUCTIVITY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROPS FOOD INTAKE FUTURE GROWTH GENDER GENDER ISSUES GEOGRAPHIC REGION GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL HOSPITAL HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSING ILLNESS IMPACT OF EDUCATION INADEQUATE FOOD INCIDENCE OF DISEASE INDICATORS OF POVERTY INEQUALITY INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IRRIGATION JOBS LABOUR FORCE LABOUR MARKET LAND ASSETS LAND HOLDINGS LAND OWNERSHIP LAND QUALITY LAND REFORM LAND REFORMS LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LANGUAGE BARRIERS LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT LIMITED RESOURCES LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING CONDITIONS FOR TEACHERS LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL FARMERS MAINSTREAM MARKET ECONOMY MATERNAL MORTALITY MATERNITY LEAVE MICRO-CREDIT MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MOTHER MOTHER TONGUE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATES NEWBORNS NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PUPILS NUTRITION NUTRITION INDICATORS NUTRITION STATUS NUTRITIONAL STATUS OWNERSHIP OF LAND PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POOR POOR GROUPS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NUTRITION POPULATION CHANGE POVERTY GAP POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY UPDATE PREGNANCY PRIMARY DATA PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY ENROLMENTS PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY PRIMARY NET ENROLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY TEACHING RADIO REGIONAL PROGRAMS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS REMOTE AREAS RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL GROUPS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SAFE DRINKING WATER SAFE WATER SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL BUDGETS SCHOOL DROP SCHOOL DROP-OUTS SCHOOL DROPOUTS SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL SECONDARY STUDENTS SELF-ESTEEM SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL BENEFITS SOCIAL CONDITIONS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIETIES SOCIETY SOVEREIGNTY STEREOTYPES STEREOTYPING TARGETING TEACHING METHODS TEENAGERS TELEVISION TOTAL POVERTY TRANSPORTATION URBAN AREAS USE PER CAPITA VITAMIN A VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORKING MOTHERS WORTH YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG PEOPLE Baulch, Bob Nguyen, Thi Minh Hoa Nguyen, Thi Thu Phuong Pham, Thai Hung Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam
geographic_facet	East Asia and Pacific Vietnam
description	Although economic reform has brought remarkable progress in poverty reduction in Vietnam, the scale and depth of ethnic minority poverty in Vietnam presents one of the major challenges to achieving the targets for poverty reduction set out in the Socio-Economic Development Plan, as well as the millennium development goals. The authors first review a series of monetary and non-monetary indicators which show the living standards of the ethnic minorities are improving but still lag seriously behind those of the majority Kinh-Hoa. The minorities' lower living standards result from the complex interplay of overlapping disadvantages, which start in utero and continue until adult life. Next an analysis of the drivers of the ethnic gap, in terms of both differences in characteristics and differences in returns to those characteristics, is undertaken. Mean and quantile decompositions show that at least a half of the gap in per capita expenditure can be attributed to the lower returns to characteristics that the ethnic minorities receive. The reasons underlying such differences in returns are discussed, drawing on both quantitative analysis and the large number of qualitative studies on ethnic issues in Vietnam. Finally, some of the short and longer term policy measures which the authors believe could help to counter ethnic disadvantages in the nutrition, education, and employment sectors are discussed. The authors also emphasize the importance of promoting growth that is geographically broad and socially inclusive without which, the current disparities between the Kinh-Hoa and the ethnic minorities will continue to grow.
format	Report
author	Baulch, Bob Nguyen, Thi Minh Hoa Nguyen, Thi Thu Phuong Pham, Thai Hung
author_facet	Baulch, Bob Nguyen, Thi Minh Hoa Nguyen, Thi Thu Phuong Pham, Thai Hung
author_sort	Baulch, Bob
title	Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam
title_short	Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam
title_full	Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam
title_fullStr	Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam
title_full_unstemmed	Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam
title_sort	ethnic minority poverty in vietnam
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2017
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/495591468321292112/Ethnic-minority-poverty-in-Vietnam http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28100
_version_	1764465761426866176
spelling	okr-10986-281002021-04-23T14:04:46Z Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam Baulch, Bob Nguyen, Thi Minh Hoa Nguyen, Thi Thu Phuong Pham, Thai Hung ABSOLUTE TERMS ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ADEQUATE NUTRITION ADULT LIFE ADULTS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL LAND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BARRIER BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS CHILD CARE CHILD NUTRITION CHRONIC ILLNESS CHRONIC MALNUTRITION CLASSROOMS COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNAL LAND COMMUNITIES CROP INCOME CROP LAND CROPLAND CULTURAL PRACTICES DISCRIMINATION DISEASES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC STATUS EDUCATION EXPANSION EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGES EDUCATIONAL QUALITY EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS EDUCATIONS ENROLMENT RATES EQUALITY ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNIC MINORITY ETHNIC MINORITY AREAS ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES FAMILY PLANNING FARM ACTIVITIES FARM INCOME FARM PRODUCTIVITY FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROPS FOOD INTAKE FUTURE GROWTH GENDER GENDER ISSUES GEOGRAPHIC REGION GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GOVERNMENT SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL HOSPITAL HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSING ILLNESS IMPACT OF EDUCATION INADEQUATE FOOD INCIDENCE OF DISEASE INDICATORS OF POVERTY INEQUALITY INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IRRIGATION JOBS LABOUR FORCE LABOUR MARKET LAND ASSETS LAND HOLDINGS LAND OWNERSHIP LAND QUALITY LAND REFORM LAND REFORMS LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LANGUAGE BARRIERS LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT LIMITED RESOURCES LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING CONDITIONS FOR TEACHERS LIVING STANDARDS LOCAL FARMERS MAINSTREAM MARKET ECONOMY MATERNAL MORTALITY MATERNITY LEAVE MICRO-CREDIT MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MOTHER MOTHER TONGUE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATES NEWBORNS NUMBER OF MIGRANTS NUMBER OF PUPILS NUTRITION NUTRITION INDICATORS NUTRITION STATUS NUTRITIONAL STATUS OWNERSHIP OF LAND PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS POOR POOR GROUPS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR NUTRITION POPULATION CHANGE POVERTY GAP POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY UPDATE PREGNANCY PRIMARY DATA PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY ENROLMENTS PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY PRIMARY NET ENROLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN PROGRESS PUBLIC SERVICES QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY TEACHING RADIO REGIONAL PROGRAMS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS REMOTE AREAS RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL GROUPS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS SAFE DRINKING WATER SAFE WATER SCHOOL AGE SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SCHOOL BUDGETS SCHOOL DROP SCHOOL DROP-OUTS SCHOOL DROPOUTS SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL QUALITY SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCHOOLS SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL SECONDARY STUDENTS SELF-ESTEEM SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL BENEFITS SOCIAL CONDITIONS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIETIES SOCIETY SOVEREIGNTY STEREOTYPES STEREOTYPING TARGETING TEACHING METHODS TEENAGERS TELEVISION TOTAL POVERTY TRANSPORTATION URBAN AREAS USE PER CAPITA VITAMIN A VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORKING MOTHERS WORTH YOUNG ADULTS YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG PEOPLE Although economic reform has brought remarkable progress in poverty reduction in Vietnam, the scale and depth of ethnic minority poverty in Vietnam presents one of the major challenges to achieving the targets for poverty reduction set out in the Socio-Economic Development Plan, as well as the millennium development goals. The authors first review a series of monetary and non-monetary indicators which show the living standards of the ethnic minorities are improving but still lag seriously behind those of the majority Kinh-Hoa. The minorities' lower living standards result from the complex interplay of overlapping disadvantages, which start in utero and continue until adult life. Next an analysis of the drivers of the ethnic gap, in terms of both differences in characteristics and differences in returns to those characteristics, is undertaken. Mean and quantile decompositions show that at least a half of the gap in per capita expenditure can be attributed to the lower returns to characteristics that the ethnic minorities receive. The reasons underlying such differences in returns are discussed, drawing on both quantitative analysis and the large number of qualitative studies on ethnic issues in Vietnam. Finally, some of the short and longer term policy measures which the authors believe could help to counter ethnic disadvantages in the nutrition, education, and employment sectors are discussed. The authors also emphasize the importance of promoting growth that is geographically broad and socially inclusive without which, the current disparities between the Kinh-Hoa and the ethnic minorities will continue to grow. 2017-09-05T20:24:19Z 2017-09-05T20:24:19Z 2009-05-15 Report http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/495591468321292112/Ethnic-minority-poverty-in-Vietnam http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28100 English en_US CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Economic & Sector Work :: Other Poverty Study Economic & Sector Work East Asia and Pacific Vietnam

Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam

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