Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance
The international aviation and maritime sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to any value-added tax or turnover tax. Nor are these fuel uses subject to any global measu...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120117140509 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3235 |
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okr-10986-3235 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
AIR AIR CARGO AIR NAVIGATION AIR POLLUTION AIR SERVICE AIR TICKETS AIR TRAFFIC AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AIR TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT AIRLINE COMPANIES AIRLINE TICKET AIRPORT AIRPORT CONGESTION AIRPORT SECURITY AIRPORT TAXES AIRPORTS ALLOCATION ALLOWANCE ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTITUDE ANNUAL EMISSION ANNUAL EMISSION REDUCTIONS APPROACH AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE COSTS AVIATION EMISSIONS AVIATION FUEL AVIATION INDUSTRY AVIATION SECTOR BASELINE EMISSIONS BASELINE LEVELS BASES BIO-DIESEL CALORIFIC VALUE CAPITAL GAINS CARBON CARBON CONTENT CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON LEAKAGE CARBON PRICE CARBON TAXES CARRIERS CARS CIRRUS CLOUDS CLEAN TECHNOLOGY CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE STABILIZATION CO CO2 COATINGS COMBUSTION COMPLETE LISTING CONGESTION CONGESTION PROBLEMS CONSUMER PRICE CONSUMER SURPLUS CRUDE OIL CRUDE OIL PRICE DEMAND CURVE DEMAND ELASTICITY DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION DEMAND FOR TRAVEL DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DIESEL DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL FUEL DOMESTIC AIR TRAVEL DOMESTIC AVIATION DOMESTIC FLIGHTS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC WELFARE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTIONS EMISSION TRADING EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ALLOWANCES EMISSIONS FROM AVIATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS GROWTH EMISSIONS INTENSITY EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PER TONNE EMISSIONS PRICES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS STANDARDS EMISSIONS TARGETS EMISSIONS TAXES EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS EQUILIBRIUM EQUITY OBJECTIVES EXCISE TAXES EXTERNALITIES FEASIBILITY FISHING FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE FLEETS FLIGHT PATHS FOSSIL FUEL FREE ALLOWANCES FREIGHT FREIGHT COSTS FREIGHT SERVICES FUEL FUEL CHARGES FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL COSTS FUEL ECONOMY FUEL EFFICIENCY FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT FUEL OIL FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL PRODUCTION FUEL TAX FUEL TAX RATES FUEL TAXATION FUEL TAXES FUEL USE FUELS GASOLINE GHG GLOBAL EMISSIONS GLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS RECEIPTS HEAVY FUEL OIL HYDROGEN IMPORT PRICES IMPORTS INCOME INPUT PRICES INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL INTERNATIONAL AVIATION INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT IPCC JOURNEY LAND USE LIGHT TRUCKS LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS LOCAL AIR POLLUTION LOCAL AIR QUALITY LOW-SULFUR MARGINAL COST MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET DISTORTIONS MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MINIMUM PRICE MOBILITY MONETARY FUND MOTOR FUEL MOTOR FUEL TAXES NATURAL GAS NOISE OIL PRICES OIL PRODUCTION OIL PRODUCTS OILS OZONE PASSENGER NUMBERS PASSENGER REVENUE PASSENGER TRAVEL PASSENGERS PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY SCENARIO POLICY SCENARIOS POLLUTION POWER POWER STATIONS PP PRICE CHANGE PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE FLOOR PRICE IMPACTS PRICE INCREASE PRODUCERS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REDUCING EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN FUEL USE REDUCTION IN TRAVEL ROUTE ROUTES RUNWAYS SAFETY SOCIAL COSTS SPEEDS SUBSTITUTION SULFUR SULFUR EMISSIONS SULPHUR SULPHUR CONTENT SUNLIGHT SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES SURCHARGES TAX TAX DESIGN TAX EXEMPT TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX RATE TAX REVENUE TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION OF FUEL TOTAL COSTS TOTAL EMISSIONS TRADING PATTERNS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRANSIT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT MARKET TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES TRANSPORTATION COSTS TRAVEL COSTS TRAVEL DEMAND TRAVELERS TRIP TRIPS VEHICLE VEHICLE EMISSIONS WAGES WELFARE EFFECTS WINDFALL PROFITS |
| spellingShingle |
AIR AIR CARGO AIR NAVIGATION AIR POLLUTION AIR SERVICE AIR TICKETS AIR TRAFFIC AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AIR TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT AIRLINE COMPANIES AIRLINE TICKET AIRPORT AIRPORT CONGESTION AIRPORT SECURITY AIRPORT TAXES AIRPORTS ALLOCATION ALLOWANCE ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTITUDE ANNUAL EMISSION ANNUAL EMISSION REDUCTIONS APPROACH AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE COSTS AVIATION EMISSIONS AVIATION FUEL AVIATION INDUSTRY AVIATION SECTOR BASELINE EMISSIONS BASELINE LEVELS BASES BIO-DIESEL CALORIFIC VALUE CAPITAL GAINS CARBON CARBON CONTENT CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON LEAKAGE CARBON PRICE CARBON TAXES CARRIERS CARS CIRRUS CLOUDS CLEAN TECHNOLOGY CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE STABILIZATION CO CO2 COATINGS COMBUSTION COMPLETE LISTING CONGESTION CONGESTION PROBLEMS CONSUMER PRICE CONSUMER SURPLUS CRUDE OIL CRUDE OIL PRICE DEMAND CURVE DEMAND ELASTICITY DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION DEMAND FOR TRAVEL DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DIESEL DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL FUEL DOMESTIC AIR TRAVEL DOMESTIC AVIATION DOMESTIC FLIGHTS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC WELFARE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTIONS EMISSION TRADING EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ALLOWANCES EMISSIONS FROM AVIATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS GROWTH EMISSIONS INTENSITY EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PER TONNE EMISSIONS PRICES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS STANDARDS EMISSIONS TARGETS EMISSIONS TAXES EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS EQUILIBRIUM EQUITY OBJECTIVES EXCISE TAXES EXTERNALITIES FEASIBILITY FISHING FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE FLEETS FLIGHT PATHS FOSSIL FUEL FREE ALLOWANCES FREIGHT FREIGHT COSTS FREIGHT SERVICES FUEL FUEL CHARGES FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL COSTS FUEL ECONOMY FUEL EFFICIENCY FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT FUEL OIL FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL PRODUCTION FUEL TAX FUEL TAX RATES FUEL TAXATION FUEL TAXES FUEL USE FUELS GASOLINE GHG GLOBAL EMISSIONS GLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS RECEIPTS HEAVY FUEL OIL HYDROGEN IMPORT PRICES IMPORTS INCOME INPUT PRICES INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL INTERNATIONAL AVIATION INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT IPCC JOURNEY LAND USE LIGHT TRUCKS LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS LOCAL AIR POLLUTION LOCAL AIR QUALITY LOW-SULFUR MARGINAL COST MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET DISTORTIONS MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MINIMUM PRICE MOBILITY MONETARY FUND MOTOR FUEL MOTOR FUEL TAXES NATURAL GAS NOISE OIL PRICES OIL PRODUCTION OIL PRODUCTS OILS OZONE PASSENGER NUMBERS PASSENGER REVENUE PASSENGER TRAVEL PASSENGERS PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY SCENARIO POLICY SCENARIOS POLLUTION POWER POWER STATIONS PP PRICE CHANGE PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE FLOOR PRICE IMPACTS PRICE INCREASE PRODUCERS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REDUCING EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN FUEL USE REDUCTION IN TRAVEL ROUTE ROUTES RUNWAYS SAFETY SOCIAL COSTS SPEEDS SUBSTITUTION SULFUR SULFUR EMISSIONS SULPHUR SULPHUR CONTENT SUNLIGHT SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES SURCHARGES TAX TAX DESIGN TAX EXEMPT TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX RATE TAX REVENUE TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION OF FUEL TOTAL COSTS TOTAL EMISSIONS TRADING PATTERNS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRANSIT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT MARKET TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES TRANSPORTATION COSTS TRAVEL COSTS TRAVEL DEMAND TRAVELERS TRIP TRIPS VEHICLE VEHICLE EMISSIONS WAGES WELFARE EFFECTS WINDFALL PROFITS Keen, Michael Parry, Ian Strand, Jon Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance |
| geographic_facet |
The World Region The World Region |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5950 |
| description |
The international aviation and maritime
sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as
their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to
any value-added tax or turnover tax. Nor are these fuel uses
subject to any global measures to reduce their associated
CO2 emissions, even though they represent at least 5 percent
of the global greenhouse gas emissions. A carbon charge on
fuels for international aviation and shipping equal to $25
per tonne of emitted CO2 could raise about $12 billion from
aviation and about $26 billion from shipping by 2020.
Market-based instruments ought to be used to raise such
revenue, preferably charges based on the carbon contents of
fuels. Such charges would also scale back emissions by at
least 5-10 percent. Developing countries ought to be able to
keep their own tax revenue, and additional compensation to
them for the economic burdens of these carbon charges may be
warranted. Such compensation would constitute at most 40
percent of the raised global revenue. Implementing these
charges can be a challenge, especially for aviation, where a
large number of bilateral air-service agreements would need
to be rewritten. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Keen, Michael Parry, Ian Strand, Jon |
| author_facet |
Keen, Michael Parry, Ian Strand, Jon |
| author_sort |
Keen, Michael |
| title |
Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance |
| title_short |
Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance |
| title_full |
Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance |
| title_fullStr |
Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance |
| title_sort |
market-based instruments for international aviation and shipping as a source of climate finance |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120117140509 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3235 |
| _version_ |
1764386652756639744 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-32352021-04-23T14:02:08Z Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance Keen, Michael Parry, Ian Strand, Jon AIR AIR CARGO AIR NAVIGATION AIR POLLUTION AIR SERVICE AIR TICKETS AIR TRAFFIC AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AIR TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT AIRLINE COMPANIES AIRLINE TICKET AIRPORT AIRPORT CONGESTION AIRPORT SECURITY AIRPORT TAXES AIRPORTS ALLOCATION ALLOWANCE ALTERNATIVE FUELS ALTITUDE ANNUAL EMISSION ANNUAL EMISSION REDUCTIONS APPROACH AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE COSTS AVIATION EMISSIONS AVIATION FUEL AVIATION INDUSTRY AVIATION SECTOR BASELINE EMISSIONS BASELINE LEVELS BASES BIO-DIESEL CALORIFIC VALUE CAPITAL GAINS CARBON CARBON CONTENT CARBON EMISSIONS CARBON LEAKAGE CARBON PRICE CARBON TAXES CARRIERS CARS CIRRUS CLOUDS CLEAN TECHNOLOGY CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE STABILIZATION CO CO2 COATINGS COMBUSTION COMPLETE LISTING CONGESTION CONGESTION PROBLEMS CONSUMER PRICE CONSUMER SURPLUS CRUDE OIL CRUDE OIL PRICE DEMAND CURVE DEMAND ELASTICITY DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION DEMAND FOR TRAVEL DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DIESEL DIESEL ENGINES DIESEL FUEL DOMESTIC AIR TRAVEL DOMESTIC AVIATION DOMESTIC FLIGHTS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC WELFARE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS ELASTICITIES ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND ELASTICITY OF DEMAND EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTIONS EMISSION TRADING EMISSIONS EMISSIONS ALLOWANCES EMISSIONS FROM AVIATION EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES EMISSIONS GROWTH EMISSIONS INTENSITY EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PER TONNE EMISSIONS PRICES EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS EMISSIONS STANDARDS EMISSIONS TARGETS EMISSIONS TAXES EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS EQUILIBRIUM EQUITY OBJECTIVES EXCISE TAXES EXTERNALITIES FEASIBILITY FISHING FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE FLEETS FLIGHT PATHS FOSSIL FUEL FREE ALLOWANCES FREIGHT FREIGHT COSTS FREIGHT SERVICES FUEL FUEL CHARGES FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL COSTS FUEL ECONOMY FUEL EFFICIENCY FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT FUEL OIL FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL PRODUCTION FUEL TAX FUEL TAX RATES FUEL TAXATION FUEL TAXES FUEL USE FUELS GASOLINE GHG GLOBAL EMISSIONS GLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES GROSS RECEIPTS HEAVY FUEL OIL HYDROGEN IMPORT PRICES IMPORTS INCOME INPUT PRICES INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL INTERNATIONAL AVIATION INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT IPCC JOURNEY LAND USE LIGHT TRUCKS LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS LOCAL AIR POLLUTION LOCAL AIR QUALITY LOW-SULFUR MARGINAL COST MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET DISTORTIONS MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MINIMUM PRICE MOBILITY MONETARY FUND MOTOR FUEL MOTOR FUEL TAXES NATURAL GAS NOISE OIL PRICES OIL PRODUCTION OIL PRODUCTS OILS OZONE PASSENGER NUMBERS PASSENGER REVENUE PASSENGER TRAVEL PASSENGERS PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY SCENARIO POLICY SCENARIOS POLLUTION POWER POWER STATIONS PP PRICE CHANGE PRICE ELASTICITY PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND PRICE FLOOR PRICE IMPACTS PRICE INCREASE PRODUCERS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING REDUCING EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN FUEL USE REDUCTION IN TRAVEL ROUTE ROUTES RUNWAYS SAFETY SOCIAL COSTS SPEEDS SUBSTITUTION SULFUR SULFUR EMISSIONS SULPHUR SULPHUR CONTENT SUNLIGHT SUPPLY CURVE SUPPLY CURVES SURCHARGES TAX TAX DESIGN TAX EXEMPT TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX RATE TAX REVENUE TAX SYSTEMS TAXATION OF FUEL TOTAL COSTS TOTAL EMISSIONS TRADING PATTERNS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRANSIT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT MARKET TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES TRANSPORTATION COSTS TRAVEL COSTS TRAVEL DEMAND TRAVELERS TRIP TRIPS VEHICLE VEHICLE EMISSIONS WAGES WELFARE EFFECTS WINDFALL PROFITS The international aviation and maritime sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to any value-added tax or turnover tax. Nor are these fuel uses subject to any global measures to reduce their associated CO2 emissions, even though they represent at least 5 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions. A carbon charge on fuels for international aviation and shipping equal to $25 per tonne of emitted CO2 could raise about $12 billion from aviation and about $26 billion from shipping by 2020. Market-based instruments ought to be used to raise such revenue, preferably charges based on the carbon contents of fuels. Such charges would also scale back emissions by at least 5-10 percent. Developing countries ought to be able to keep their own tax revenue, and additional compensation to them for the economic burdens of these carbon charges may be warranted. Such compensation would constitute at most 40 percent of the raised global revenue. Implementing these charges can be a challenge, especially for aviation, where a large number of bilateral air-service agreements would need to be rewritten. 2012-03-19T17:28:49Z 2012-03-19T17:28:49Z 2012-01-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20120117140509 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3235 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5950 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region |