How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s Rapid Development?
In the past 30 years, China has achieved phenomenal economic growth, an unprecedented development "miracle" in human history. How did China achieve this rapid growth? What have been its key drivers? And, most important, what can be learne...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110301083120 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3349 |
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okr-10986-3349 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM BANK LOANS BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS CENTER BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS NEEDS BUSINESS PLANNING BUSINESS SECTOR BUSINESS SERVICES BUSINESS VALUE BUSINESSES BUYERS CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHECKS CITIES CLIMATE CHANGE COLLABORATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPUTERS CONCESSIONARY TAX CORPORATE TAX RATE CREDIT POLICIES CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT INVESTMENTS DIVISION OF LABOR DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS DRIVERS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELECTRICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ENGINEERS ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE ENTRY BARRIERS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURE EXPORT GROWTH EXTERNALITIES FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED INVESTMENT FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN TRADE FORESTRY FREE TRADE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL TRADE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT REVENUE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN RESOURCES INCOME INCOME TAX INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION INFORMATION NETWORKS INFORMATION SERVICES INNOVATION INNOVATIONS INSPECTION INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INTERMEDIARY ORGANIZATIONS INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVENTION JOINT VENTURES JUDICIAL SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABORERS LEARNING LEGAL SYSTEM LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSE LOCAL ECONOMY LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL MARKET LOCAL MARKETS MANUFACTURING MARKET ACCESS MARKET COMPETITION MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET ECONOMY MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET PRICES MARKET SEGMENTS MARKETING MATERIAL MEDIUM ENTERPRISE MEDIUM ENTERPRISES MERCHANTS MINIMUM WAGE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NETWORKS NEW TECHNOLOGIES OIL OPEN ACCESS OPPORTUNITY COST PATENTS PERFORMANCES PERSONAL COMPUTER PHYSICAL LOCATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLLUTION PPPS PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRIVATE SECTORS PRODUCERS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING QUALITY STANDARDS R&D REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY SYSTEM RESULT RESULTS SAFETY SAFETY NET SATELLITE SCIENTISTS SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL SERVICES STOCK EXCHANGE SUPPLIERS SUPPLY CHAINS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETS TAX TAX EXEMPTION TAX POLICIES TAX RATE TAX RATES TAX REDUCTION TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY CONSULTING TECHNOLOGY PARK TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TELECOM TELECOM SECTOR TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES TELEPHONE TELEPHONE LINES TRADE CREDITS TRADING TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TURNOVER URBAN EMPLOYMENT USERS VALUE CHAIN VALUE CHAINS WAREHOUSE WEB WORLD TRADE |
| spellingShingle |
ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM BANK LOANS BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS CENTER BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS NEEDS BUSINESS PLANNING BUSINESS SECTOR BUSINESS SERVICES BUSINESS VALUE BUSINESSES BUYERS CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHECKS CITIES CLIMATE CHANGE COLLABORATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPUTERS CONCESSIONARY TAX CORPORATE TAX RATE CREDIT POLICIES CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT INVESTMENTS DIVISION OF LABOR DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS DRIVERS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELECTRICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ENGINEERS ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE ENTRY BARRIERS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURE EXPORT GROWTH EXTERNALITIES FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED INVESTMENT FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN TRADE FORESTRY FREE TRADE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL TRADE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT REVENUE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN RESOURCES INCOME INCOME TAX INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION INFORMATION NETWORKS INFORMATION SERVICES INNOVATION INNOVATIONS INSPECTION INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INTERMEDIARY ORGANIZATIONS INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVENTION JOINT VENTURES JUDICIAL SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABORERS LEARNING LEGAL SYSTEM LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSE LOCAL ECONOMY LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL MARKET LOCAL MARKETS MANUFACTURING MARKET ACCESS MARKET COMPETITION MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET ECONOMY MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET PRICES MARKET SEGMENTS MARKETING MATERIAL MEDIUM ENTERPRISE MEDIUM ENTERPRISES MERCHANTS MINIMUM WAGE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NETWORKS NEW TECHNOLOGIES OIL OPEN ACCESS OPPORTUNITY COST PATENTS PERFORMANCES PERSONAL COMPUTER PHYSICAL LOCATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLLUTION PPPS PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRIVATE SECTORS PRODUCERS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING QUALITY STANDARDS R&D REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY SYSTEM RESULT RESULTS SAFETY SAFETY NET SATELLITE SCIENTISTS SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL SERVICES STOCK EXCHANGE SUPPLIERS SUPPLY CHAINS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETS TAX TAX EXEMPTION TAX POLICIES TAX RATE TAX RATES TAX REDUCTION TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY CONSULTING TECHNOLOGY PARK TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TELECOM TELECOM SECTOR TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES TELEPHONE TELEPHONE LINES TRADE CREDITS TRADING TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TURNOVER URBAN EMPLOYMENT USERS VALUE CHAIN VALUE CHAINS WAREHOUSE WEB WORLD TRADE Zeng, Douglas Zhihua How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s Rapid Development? |
| geographic_facet |
East Asia and Pacific East Asia Asia China |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5583 |
| description |
In the past 30 years, China has achieved
phenomenal economic growth, an unprecedented development
"miracle" in human history. How did China achieve
this rapid growth? What have been its key drivers? And, most
important, what can be learned from China's success?
Policy makers, business people, and scholars all over the
world continue to debate these topics, but one thing is
clear: the numerous special economic zones and industrial
clusters that emerged after the country's reforms are
without doubt two important engines of China's
remarkable development. The special economic zones and
industrial clusters have made crucial contributions to
China's economic success. Foremost, the special
economic zones (especially the first several) successfully
tested the market economy and new institutions and became
role models for the rest of the country to follow. Together
with the numerous industrial clusters, the special economic
zones have contributed significantly to gross domestic
product, employment, exports, and attraction of foreign
investment. The special economic zones have also played
important roles in bringing new technologies to China and in
adopting modern management practices. This study briefly
summarizes the development experiences of China's
special economic zones and industrial clusters (their
formation, success factors, challenges, and possible areas
or measures for policy intervention), based on case studies,
interviews, field visits, and extensive reviews of the
existing literature in an attempt to benefit other
developing countries as well as the broader development community. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Zeng, Douglas Zhihua |
| author_facet |
Zeng, Douglas Zhihua |
| author_sort |
Zeng, Douglas Zhihua |
| title |
How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s
Rapid Development? |
| title_short |
How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s
Rapid Development? |
| title_full |
How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s
Rapid Development? |
| title_fullStr |
How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s
Rapid Development? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s
Rapid Development? |
| title_sort |
how do special economic zones and industrial clusters drive china’s
rapid development? |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110301083120 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3349 |
| _version_ |
1764386836540555264 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-33492021-04-23T14:02:09Z How Do Special Economic Zones and Industrial Clusters Drive China’s Rapid Development? Zeng, Douglas Zhihua ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM BANK LOANS BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS CENTER BUSINESS CLIMATE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS NEEDS BUSINESS PLANNING BUSINESS SECTOR BUSINESS SERVICES BUSINESS VALUE BUSINESSES BUYERS CAPITAL CITIES CAPITAL CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHECKS CITIES CLIMATE CHANGE COLLABORATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVENESS COMPUTERS CONCESSIONARY TAX CORPORATE TAX RATE CREDIT POLICIES CURRENCY CUSTOMS CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT INVESTMENTS DIVISION OF LABOR DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS DRIVERS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC BENEFITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION ECONOMIC POLICIES ECONOMICS ECONOMIES OF SCALE ELECTRICITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE EMPLOYMENT ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ENGINEERS ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE ENTRY BARRIERS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURE EXPORT GROWTH EXTERNALITIES FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FINANCIAL SUPPORT FIXED INVESTMENT FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN TRADE FORESTRY FREE TRADE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL MARKET GLOBAL TRADE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT REVENUE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HUMAN RESOURCES INCOME INCOME TAX INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION INFORMATION NETWORKS INFORMATION SERVICES INNOVATION INNOVATIONS INSPECTION INSURANCE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INTERMEDIARY ORGANIZATIONS INTERMEDIATE GOODS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INTERNATIONAL MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVENTION JOINT VENTURES JUDICIAL SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABORERS LEARNING LEGAL SYSTEM LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSE LOCAL ECONOMY LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS LOCAL MARKET LOCAL MARKETS MANUFACTURING MARKET ACCESS MARKET COMPETITION MARKET CONDITIONS MARKET ECONOMY MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET MECHANISM MARKET PRICES MARKET SEGMENTS MARKETING MATERIAL MEDIUM ENTERPRISE MEDIUM ENTERPRISES MERCHANTS MINIMUM WAGE NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NETWORKS NEW TECHNOLOGIES OIL OPEN ACCESS OPPORTUNITY COST PATENTS PERFORMANCES PERSONAL COMPUTER PHYSICAL LOCATION POLICY ENVIRONMENT POLICY MAKERS POLLUTION PPPS PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PRIVATE SECTORS PRODUCERS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SPENDING QUALITY STANDARDS R&D REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY SYSTEM RESULT RESULTS SAFETY SAFETY NET SATELLITE SCIENTISTS SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKERS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL SERVICES STOCK EXCHANGE SUPPLIERS SUPPLY CHAINS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETS TAX TAX EXEMPTION TAX POLICIES TAX RATE TAX RATES TAX REDUCTION TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY CONSULTING TECHNOLOGY PARK TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TELECOM TELECOM SECTOR TELECOMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES TELEPHONE TELEPHONE LINES TRADE CREDITS TRADING TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TURNOVER URBAN EMPLOYMENT USERS VALUE CHAIN VALUE CHAINS WAREHOUSE WEB WORLD TRADE In the past 30 years, China has achieved phenomenal economic growth, an unprecedented development "miracle" in human history. How did China achieve this rapid growth? What have been its key drivers? And, most important, what can be learned from China's success? Policy makers, business people, and scholars all over the world continue to debate these topics, but one thing is clear: the numerous special economic zones and industrial clusters that emerged after the country's reforms are without doubt two important engines of China's remarkable development. The special economic zones and industrial clusters have made crucial contributions to China's economic success. Foremost, the special economic zones (especially the first several) successfully tested the market economy and new institutions and became role models for the rest of the country to follow. Together with the numerous industrial clusters, the special economic zones have contributed significantly to gross domestic product, employment, exports, and attraction of foreign investment. The special economic zones have also played important roles in bringing new technologies to China and in adopting modern management practices. This study briefly summarizes the development experiences of China's special economic zones and industrial clusters (their formation, success factors, challenges, and possible areas or measures for policy intervention), based on case studies, interviews, field visits, and extensive reviews of the existing literature in an attempt to benefit other developing countries as well as the broader development community. 2012-03-19T18:00:47Z 2012-03-19T18:00:47Z 2011-03-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110301083120 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3349 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5583 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper East Asia and Pacific East Asia Asia China |