Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India

Although many studies have explored the impacts of political quotas for females, often with ambiguous results, the underlying mechanisms and long-term effects have received little attention. This paper uses nation-wide data from India spanning a 15...

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Main Authors:	Deininger, Klaus, Jin, Songqing, Nagarajan, Hari K., Fang, Xia
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ADOLESCENT FERTILITY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ANTENATAL CARE ANTENATAL COVERAGE BREASTFEEDING BY ELECTION CANDIDATES CHILD HEALTH CHILD MORTALITY CHILD SURVIVAL CITIZEN CONSTITUENCIES CONSTITUENCY CONTRACEPTIVE USE CORRUPTION CRIME CRIMES CULTURAL CHANGE DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT PLANS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIRECT DEMOCRACY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DISCRIMINATION DISEASES DOCTORS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTION ELECTIONS EMPOWERMENT EQUALITY FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FASHION FEMALE FEMALES FRANCHISE GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITY GIRL CHILDREN HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN POTENTIAL HUSBANDS IMMUNIZATION INEQUALITIES INHERITANCE INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LAND OWNERSHIP LAWS LEGISLATION LEGISLATORS LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MARITAL STATUS MATERNAL HEALTH MATERNAL MORTALITY MODERNIZATION NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OCCUPATION PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENTARIANS PERI-NATAL CARE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL DECISION POLITICAL LEADERSHIP POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL POWER POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICAL PROCESSES POLITICAL SYSTEM PRE-NATAL CARE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY REPRESENTATIVES RESPECT RETAIL MARKET RURAL DEVELOPMENT SANITATION SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SEX SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL WELFARE STATE UNIVERSITY SUFFRAGE VILLAGE LEVEL VILLAGES VIOLENCE VOTER TURNOUT VOTING PATTERNS WILL WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628093513 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3473

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spelling	okr-10986-34732021-04-23T14:02:10Z Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India Deininger, Klaus Jin, Songqing Nagarajan, Hari K. Fang, Xia ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ADOLESCENT FERTILITY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ANTENATAL CARE ANTENATAL COVERAGE BREASTFEEDING BY ELECTION CANDIDATES CHILD HEALTH CHILD MORTALITY CHILD SURVIVAL CITIZEN CONSTITUENCIES CONSTITUENCY CONTRACEPTIVE USE CORRUPTION CRIME CRIMES CULTURAL CHANGE DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT PLANS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIRECT DEMOCRACY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DISCRIMINATION DISEASES DOCTORS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTION ELECTIONS EMPOWERMENT EQUALITY FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FASHION FEMALE FEMALES FRANCHISE GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITY GIRL CHILDREN HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN POTENTIAL HUSBANDS IMMUNIZATION INEQUALITIES INHERITANCE INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LAND OWNERSHIP LAWS LEGISLATION LEGISLATORS LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MARITAL STATUS MATERNAL HEALTH MATERNAL MORTALITY MODERNIZATION NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OCCUPATION PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENTARIANS PERI-NATAL CARE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL DECISION POLITICAL LEADERSHIP POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL POWER POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICAL PROCESSES POLITICAL SYSTEM PRE-NATAL CARE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY REPRESENTATIVES RESPECT RETAIL MARKET RURAL DEVELOPMENT SANITATION SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SEX SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL WELFARE STATE UNIVERSITY SUFFRAGE VILLAGE LEVEL VILLAGES VIOLENCE VOTER TURNOUT VOTING PATTERNS WILL WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT Although many studies have explored the impacts of political quotas for females, often with ambiguous results, the underlying mechanisms and long-term effects have received little attention. This paper uses nation-wide data from India spanning a 15-year period to explore how reservations affect leader qualifications, service delivery, political participation, local accountability, and individuals willingness to contribute to public goods. Although leader quality declines and impacts on service quality are often negative, gender quotas are shown to increase the level and quality of women's political participation, the ability to hold leaders to account, and the willingness to contribute to public goods. Key effects persist beyond the reserved period and impacts on females often materialize only with a lag. 2012-03-19T18:03:05Z 2012-03-19T18:03:05Z 2011-06-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628093513 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3473 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5708 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper South Asia South Asia South Asia Asia India
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ADOLESCENT FERTILITY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ANTENATAL CARE ANTENATAL COVERAGE BREASTFEEDING BY ELECTION CANDIDATES CHILD HEALTH CHILD MORTALITY CHILD SURVIVAL CITIZEN CONSTITUENCIES CONSTITUENCY CONTRACEPTIVE USE CORRUPTION CRIME CRIMES CULTURAL CHANGE DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT PLANS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIRECT DEMOCRACY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DISCRIMINATION DISEASES DOCTORS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTION ELECTIONS EMPOWERMENT EQUALITY FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FASHION FEMALE FEMALES FRANCHISE GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITY GIRL CHILDREN HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN POTENTIAL HUSBANDS IMMUNIZATION INEQUALITIES INHERITANCE INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LAND OWNERSHIP LAWS LEGISLATION LEGISLATORS LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MARITAL STATUS MATERNAL HEALTH MATERNAL MORTALITY MODERNIZATION NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OCCUPATION PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENTARIANS PERI-NATAL CARE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL DECISION POLITICAL LEADERSHIP POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL POWER POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICAL PROCESSES POLITICAL SYSTEM PRE-NATAL CARE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY REPRESENTATIVES RESPECT RETAIL MARKET RURAL DEVELOPMENT SANITATION SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SEX SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL WELFARE STATE UNIVERSITY SUFFRAGE VILLAGE LEVEL VILLAGES VIOLENCE VOTER TURNOUT VOTING PATTERNS WILL WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACTIVE PARTICIPATION ADOLESCENT FERTILITY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ANTENATAL CARE ANTENATAL COVERAGE BREASTFEEDING BY ELECTION CANDIDATES CHILD HEALTH CHILD MORTALITY CHILD SURVIVAL CITIZEN CONSTITUENCIES CONSTITUENCY CONTRACEPTIVE USE CORRUPTION CRIME CRIMES CULTURAL CHANGE DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACIES DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT PLANS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIRECT DEMOCRACY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DISCRIMINATION DISEASES DOCTORS DOMINANCE DRINKING WATER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELECTION ELECTIONS EMPOWERMENT EQUALITY FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FASHION FEMALE FEMALES FRANCHISE GENDER GENDER BIAS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAPS GENDER INEQUALITY GIRL CHILDREN HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN POTENTIAL HUSBANDS IMMUNIZATION INEQUALITIES INHERITANCE INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION INTERVENTIONS LAND OWNERSHIP LAWS LEGISLATION LEGISLATORS LOCAL DEVELOPMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENTS MARITAL STATUS MATERNAL HEALTH MATERNAL MORTALITY MODERNIZATION NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL LEVELS NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OCCUPATION PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENTARIANS PERI-NATAL CARE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY MAKING POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL DECISION POLITICAL LEADERSHIP POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL POWER POLITICAL PROCESS POLITICAL PROCESSES POLITICAL SYSTEM PRE-NATAL CARE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOOD PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY REPRESENTATIVES RESPECT RETAIL MARKET RURAL DEVELOPMENT SANITATION SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SEX SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL WELFARE STATE UNIVERSITY SUFFRAGE VILLAGE LEVEL VILLAGES VIOLENCE VOTER TURNOUT VOTING PATTERNS WILL WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT Deininger, Klaus Jin, Songqing Nagarajan, Hari K. Fang, Xia Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
geographic_facet	South Asia South Asia South Asia Asia India
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5708
description	Although many studies have explored the impacts of political quotas for females, often with ambiguous results, the underlying mechanisms and long-term effects have received little attention. This paper uses nation-wide data from India spanning a 15-year period to explore how reservations affect leader qualifications, service delivery, political participation, local accountability, and individuals willingness to contribute to public goods. Although leader quality declines and impacts on service quality are often negative, gender quotas are shown to increase the level and quality of women's political participation, the ability to hold leaders to account, and the willingness to contribute to public goods. Key effects persist beyond the reserved period and impacts on females often materialize only with a lag.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Deininger, Klaus Jin, Songqing Nagarajan, Hari K. Fang, Xia
author_facet	Deininger, Klaus Jin, Songqing Nagarajan, Hari K. Fang, Xia
author_sort	Deininger, Klaus
title	Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
title_short	Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
title_full	Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
title_fullStr	Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
title_full_unstemmed	Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India
title_sort	does female reservation affect long-term political outcomes? evidence from rural india
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628093513 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3473
_version_	1764387057070768128

Does Female Reservation Affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India

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