Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan

Can communal heterogeneity explain persistent educational inequities in developing countries? The paper uses a novel data-set from rural Pakistan that explicitly recognizes the geographic structure of villages and the social makeup of constituent h...

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Main Authors:	Jacoby, Hanan G., Mansuri, Ghazala
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS CHILD HEALTH CHILD SURVIVAL COGNITIVE TESTS COMMUNITIES DEGREES DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED GROUP DISCRIMINATION DROPOUT RATES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS ENROLLMENT FOR BOYS ENROLLMENT GAP ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLLMENT RATES FOR GIRLS ETHNIC DIVERSITY EXCLUSION EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDERS GIRLS GIRLS SCHOOLS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER ENROLLMENT HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT INTERVENTIONS LITERATURE MIDDLE SCHOOL MIDDLE SCHOOLS MINORITY ONSET OF PUBERTY OPEN ACCESS PAPERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION PRIMARY CLASSES PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS PROVISION OF EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SERVICES RETURN TO EDUCATION RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS SAFETY SCHOOL CENSUS SCHOOL ENTRY SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENT SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL FEES SCHOOL GIRLS SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL PARTICIPATION SCHOOL YEARS SCHOOLING SCHOOLING FOR GIRLS SCHOOLS SEX SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIETY TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING UNMARRIED GIRLS VILLAGE LEVEL YOUNG BOYS YOUNG GIRLS YOUNGER GIRLS
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628133715 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3475

id	okr-10986-3475
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-34752021-04-23T14:02:10Z Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan Jacoby, Hanan G. Mansuri, Ghazala ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS CHILD HEALTH CHILD SURVIVAL COGNITIVE TESTS COMMUNITIES DEGREES DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED GROUP DISCRIMINATION DROPOUT RATES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS ENROLLMENT FOR BOYS ENROLLMENT GAP ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLLMENT RATES FOR GIRLS ETHNIC DIVERSITY EXCLUSION EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDERS GIRLS GIRLS SCHOOLS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER ENROLLMENT HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT INTERVENTIONS LITERATURE MIDDLE SCHOOL MIDDLE SCHOOLS MINORITY ONSET OF PUBERTY OPEN ACCESS PAPERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION PRIMARY CLASSES PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS PROVISION OF EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SERVICES RETURN TO EDUCATION RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS SAFETY SCHOOL CENSUS SCHOOL ENTRY SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENT SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL FEES SCHOOL GIRLS SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL PARTICIPATION SCHOOL YEARS SCHOOLING SCHOOLING FOR GIRLS SCHOOLS SEX SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIETY TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING UNMARRIED GIRLS VILLAGE LEVEL YOUNG BOYS YOUNG GIRLS YOUNGER GIRLS Can communal heterogeneity explain persistent educational inequities in developing countries? The paper uses a novel data-set from rural Pakistan that explicitly recognizes the geographic structure of villages and the social makeup of constituent hamlets to show that demand for schooling is sensitive to the allocation of schools across ethnically fragmented communities. The analysis focuses on two types of social barriers: stigma based on caste affiliation and female seclusion that is more rigidly enforced outside a girl's own hamlet. Results indicate a substantial decrease in primary school enrollment rates for girls who have to cross hamlet boundaries to attend, irrespective of school distance, an effect not present for boys. However, low-caste children, both boys and girls, are deterred from enrolling when the most convenient school is in a hamlet dominated by high-caste households. In particular, low-caste girls, the most educationally disadvantaged group, benefit from improved school access only when the school is also caste-concordant. A policy experiment indicates that providing schools in low-caste dominant hamlets would increase overall enrollment by almost twice as much as a policy of placing a school in every unserved hamlet, and would do so at one-sixth of the cost. 2012-03-19T18:03:07Z 2012-03-19T18:03:07Z 2011-06-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628133715 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3475 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5710 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper South Asia South Asia South Asia Asia Pakistan
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS CHILD HEALTH CHILD SURVIVAL COGNITIVE TESTS COMMUNITIES DEGREES DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED GROUP DISCRIMINATION DROPOUT RATES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS ENROLLMENT FOR BOYS ENROLLMENT GAP ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLLMENT RATES FOR GIRLS ETHNIC DIVERSITY EXCLUSION EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDERS GIRLS GIRLS SCHOOLS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER ENROLLMENT HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT INTERVENTIONS LITERATURE MIDDLE SCHOOL MIDDLE SCHOOLS MINORITY ONSET OF PUBERTY OPEN ACCESS PAPERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION PRIMARY CLASSES PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS PROVISION OF EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SERVICES RETURN TO EDUCATION RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS SAFETY SCHOOL CENSUS SCHOOL ENTRY SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENT SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL FEES SCHOOL GIRLS SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL PARTICIPATION SCHOOL YEARS SCHOOLING SCHOOLING FOR GIRLS SCHOOLS SEX SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIETY TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING UNMARRIED GIRLS VILLAGE LEVEL YOUNG BOYS YOUNG GIRLS YOUNGER GIRLS
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO SCHOOLING AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS CHILD HEALTH CHILD SURVIVAL COGNITIVE TESTS COMMUNITIES DEGREES DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DISADVANTAGED GROUP DISCRIMINATION DROPOUT RATES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS ENROLLMENT FOR BOYS ENROLLMENT GAP ENROLLMENT RATE ENROLLMENT RATES ENROLLMENT RATES FOR GIRLS ETHNIC DIVERSITY EXCLUSION EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDERS GIRLS GIRLS SCHOOLS HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH WORKERS HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER ENROLLMENT HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT INTERVENTIONS LITERATURE MIDDLE SCHOOL MIDDLE SCHOOLS MINORITY ONSET OF PUBERTY OPEN ACCESS PAPERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION PRIMARY CLASSES PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLS PROVISION OF EDUCATION PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SERVICES RETURN TO EDUCATION RETURNS TO EDUCATION RURAL AREAS SAFETY SCHOOL CENSUS SCHOOL ENTRY SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENT SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL FEES SCHOOL GIRLS SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL PARTICIPATION SCHOOL YEARS SCHOOLING SCHOOLING FOR GIRLS SCHOOLS SEX SOCIAL GROUPS SOCIETY TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING UNMARRIED GIRLS VILLAGE LEVEL YOUNG BOYS YOUNG GIRLS YOUNGER GIRLS Jacoby, Hanan G. Mansuri, Ghazala Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan
geographic_facet	South Asia South Asia South Asia Asia Pakistan
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5710
description	Can communal heterogeneity explain persistent educational inequities in developing countries? The paper uses a novel data-set from rural Pakistan that explicitly recognizes the geographic structure of villages and the social makeup of constituent hamlets to show that demand for schooling is sensitive to the allocation of schools across ethnically fragmented communities. The analysis focuses on two types of social barriers: stigma based on caste affiliation and female seclusion that is more rigidly enforced outside a girl's own hamlet. Results indicate a substantial decrease in primary school enrollment rates for girls who have to cross hamlet boundaries to attend, irrespective of school distance, an effect not present for boys. However, low-caste children, both boys and girls, are deterred from enrolling when the most convenient school is in a hamlet dominated by high-caste households. In particular, low-caste girls, the most educationally disadvantaged group, benefit from improved school access only when the school is also caste-concordant. A policy experiment indicates that providing schools in low-caste dominant hamlets would increase overall enrollment by almost twice as much as a policy of placing a school in every unserved hamlet, and would do so at one-sixth of the cost.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Jacoby, Hanan G. Mansuri, Ghazala
author_facet	Jacoby, Hanan G. Mansuri, Ghazala
author_sort	Jacoby, Hanan G.
title	Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan
title_short	Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan
title_full	Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan
title_fullStr	Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed	Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan
title_sort	crossing boundaries : gender, caste and schooling in rural pakistan
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628133715 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3475
_version_	1764387060575109120

Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan

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