The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity
This paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its selection is informed by cons...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108080743 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3640 |
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okr-10986-36402021-04-23T14:02:11Z The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Gignoux, Jeremie ACCESS TO BOOKS ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ACHIEVEMENTS ADULT LITERACY ADULTS BOARDING SCHOOLS BOOKS AT HOME CAUSAL ANALYSIS CLASSROOMS COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TEST COLLEGE EDUCATION COUNTRY COMPARISONS CURRICULA DATA COLLECTION DISSERTATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION POLICIES EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL POLICY EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS ELEMENTS ENROLLMENT ETHICS EXAMS FORMAL EDUCATION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HBS HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRATION STATUS INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ASSESSMENT JOB TRAINING LABOR FORCE LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING LEVELS LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY SURVEY LITERATURE LOWER SECONDARY LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION MATH SCORES MATHEMATICS MEAN INCOME MOBILITY NUMBER OF STUDENTS OPEN ACCESS PAPERS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC EDUCATION READING RESEARCHERS SCHOOL CHILDREN SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLS SELECTION BIAS STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBJECTS TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING TERTIARY EDUCATION TEST SCORES UPPER SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WELL-BEING WORKERS This paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its selection is informed by consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores that is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35 percent of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia, and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita gross domestic product. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools. 2012-03-19T18:06:02Z 2012-03-19T18:06:02Z 2011-11-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108080743 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3640 English Policy Research Working Paper ; no. 5873 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCESS TO BOOKS ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ACHIEVEMENTS ADULT LITERACY ADULTS BOARDING SCHOOLS BOOKS AT HOME CAUSAL ANALYSIS CLASSROOMS COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TEST COLLEGE EDUCATION COUNTRY COMPARISONS CURRICULA DATA COLLECTION DISSERTATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION POLICIES EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL POLICY EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS ELEMENTS ENROLLMENT ETHICS EXAMS FORMAL EDUCATION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HBS HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRATION STATUS INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ASSESSMENT JOB TRAINING LABOR FORCE LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING LEVELS LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY SURVEY LITERATURE LOWER SECONDARY LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION MATH SCORES MATHEMATICS MEAN INCOME MOBILITY NUMBER OF STUDENTS OPEN ACCESS PAPERS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC EDUCATION READING RESEARCHERS SCHOOL CHILDREN SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLS SELECTION BIAS STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBJECTS TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING TERTIARY EDUCATION TEST SCORES UPPER SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WELL-BEING WORKERS |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO BOOKS ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT TESTS ACHIEVEMENTS ADULT LITERACY ADULTS BOARDING SCHOOLS BOOKS AT HOME CAUSAL ANALYSIS CLASSROOMS COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT COGNITIVE SKILLS COGNITIVE TEST COLLEGE EDUCATION COUNTRY COMPARISONS CURRICULA DATA COLLECTION DISSERTATION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EXPENDITURE EDUCATION POLICIES EDUCATION POLICY EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATION SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL POLICY EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS ELEMENTS ENROLLMENT ETHICS EXAMS FORMAL EDUCATION GDP GINI COEFFICIENT GINI INDEX GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HBS HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRATION STATUS INCOME INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ASSESSMENT JOB TRAINING LABOR FORCE LEARNING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT LEARNING LEVELS LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES LEARNING OUTCOMES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERACY LITERACY SURVEY LITERATURE LOWER SECONDARY LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION MATH SCORES MATHEMATICS MEAN INCOME MOBILITY NUMBER OF STUDENTS OPEN ACCESS PAPERS PARENTAL EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOLING PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC EDUCATION READING RESEARCHERS SCHOOL CHILDREN SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SCHOOL LOCATION SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOLING SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLS SELECTION BIAS STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBJECTS TEACHER TEACHERS TEACHING TERTIARY EDUCATION TEST SCORES UPPER SECONDARY VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS WAGE INEQUALITY WAGES WELL-BEING WORKERS Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Gignoux, Jeremie The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper ; no. 5873 |
| description |
This paper proposes two related measures
of educational inequality: one for educational achievement
and another for educational opportunity. The former is the
simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its
selection is informed by consideration of two measurement
issues that have typically been overlooked in the
literature: the implications of the standardization of test
scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample
selection biases arising from the Program of International
Student Assessment (PISA) sampling frame. The measure of
inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share
of the variance in test scores that is explained by
pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for
the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in
2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35
percent of all disparities in educational achievement. It is
greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America
than in Asia, Scandinavia, and North America. It is
uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only
weakly negatively correlated with per capita gross domestic
product. It correlates negatively with the share of spending
in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in
secondary schools. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Gignoux, Jeremie |
| author_facet |
Ferreira, Francisco H.G. Gignoux, Jeremie |
| author_sort |
Ferreira, Francisco H.G. |
| title |
The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity |
| title_short |
The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity |
| title_full |
The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity |
| title_fullStr |
The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Measurement of Educational Inequality : Achievement and Opportunity |
| title_sort |
measurement of educational inequality : achievement and opportunity |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108080743 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3640 |
| _version_ |
1764387565504299008 |