Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America

Middle class values have long been perceived as drivers of social cohesion and growth. This paper investigates the relation between class (measured by position in the income distribution), values, and political orientations using comparable values...

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Main Authors:	Lopez-Calva, Luis F., Rigolini, Jamele, Torche, Florencia
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108082238 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3641

id	okr-10986-3641
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-36412021-04-23T14:02:11Z Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele Torche, Florencia ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH Middle class values have long been perceived as drivers of social cohesion and growth. This paper investigates the relation between class (measured by position in the income distribution), values, and political orientations using comparable values surveys for six Latin American countries. The analysis finds that both a continuous measure of income and categorical measures of income-based class are robustly associated with values. Both income and class tend to display a similar association to values and political orientations as education, although differences persist in some important dimensions. Overall, there is no strong evidence of any "middle class particularism": values appear to gradually shift with income, and middle class values are between the ones of poorer and richer classes. If any, the only peculiarity of middle class values is moderation. The analysis also finds changes in values across countries to be of much larger magnitude than the ones dictated by income, education, and individual characteristics, suggesting that individual values vary primarily within bounds dictated by each society. 2012-03-19T18:06:03Z 2012-03-19T18:06:03Z 2011-11-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108082238 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3641 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5874 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Latin America & Caribbean
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH
spellingShingle	ALIENATION ASSETS AVERAGE INCOME CIVIC ENGAGEMENT COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY EFFECTS DATA SET DATA SETS DECISION MAKING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DRIVERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC RESOURCES ECONOMIC STUDIES ECONOMICS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC MINORITIES ETHNICITY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES FISCAL POLICY FREE MARKETS FRIENDS GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS INCOME ELASTICITY INCOME GROUPS INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME LEVELS INCOME MEASURES INCOMES INEQUALITY LABOR FORCE LABOUR LABOUR SUPPLY LOG INCOME LOWER CLASS M1 M2 M3 MARKET ECONOMY MEASUREMENT ERROR MEASUREMENT ERRORS MIDDLE CLASS MIDDLE CLASSES NATIONAL ECONOMY NEGATIVE CORRELATION OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE OCCUPATIONS PARENTS PER CAPITA INCOME PER CAPITA INCOME LEVEL PERMANENT INCOME POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SYSTEM POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC SERVICES REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE INCOME RELATIVE POSITION SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CHANGE SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL CLASSES SOCIAL COHESION SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL RELATIONS SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIETY SOCIOLOGY TAXATION UPPER CLASS UPPER CLASSES VULNERABILITY WEALTH Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele Torche, Florencia Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
geographic_facet	Latin America & Caribbean
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5874
description	Middle class values have long been perceived as drivers of social cohesion and growth. This paper investigates the relation between class (measured by position in the income distribution), values, and political orientations using comparable values surveys for six Latin American countries. The analysis finds that both a continuous measure of income and categorical measures of income-based class are robustly associated with values. Both income and class tend to display a similar association to values and political orientations as education, although differences persist in some important dimensions. Overall, there is no strong evidence of any "middle class particularism": values appear to gradually shift with income, and middle class values are between the ones of poorer and richer classes. If any, the only peculiarity of middle class values is moderation. The analysis also finds changes in values across countries to be of much larger magnitude than the ones dictated by income, education, and individual characteristics, suggesting that individual values vary primarily within bounds dictated by each society.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele Torche, Florencia
author_facet	Lopez-Calva, Luis F. Rigolini, Jamele Torche, Florencia
author_sort	Lopez-Calva, Luis F.
title	Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
title_short	Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
title_full	Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
title_fullStr	Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
title_full_unstemmed	Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America
title_sort	is there such thing as middle class values? class differences, values and political orientations in latin america
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20111108082238 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3641
_version_	1764387571348013056

Is There Such Thing As Middle Class Values? Class Differences, Values and Political Orientations in Latin America

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