Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake

This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures by reviewing the various summary measures and the results of multi-country studies using these measures. The paper presents estimates for 146 countries from all World Bank income groups for all summary measures, along w...

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Main Authors:	Wagstaff, Adam, Eozenou, Patrick, Smitz, Marc
Format:	Journal Article
Published:	Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank 2022
Subjects:	OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURE POVERTY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FINANCIAL PROTECTION HEALTH SPENDING WELFARE FERTILITY FAMILY PLANNING CHILD CARE YOUTH
Online Access:	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/36808

id	okr-10986-36808
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-368082022-01-12T05:10:40Z Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake Wagstaff, Adam Eozenou, Patrick Smitz, Marc OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURE POVERTY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FINANCIAL PROTECTION HEALTH SPENDING WELFARE FERTILITY FAMILY PLANNING CHILD CARE YOUTH This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures by reviewing the various summary measures and the results of multi-country studies using these measures. The paper presents estimates for 146 countries from all World Bank income groups for all summary measures, along with correlations between the summary measures and macroeconomic and health system indicators. Large differences emerge across countries in per capita out-of-pocket expenditures in 2011 international dollars, driven in large part by differences in per capita income and the share of GDP spent on health. The two measures of dispersion or risk—the coefficient of variation and Q90/Q50—are only weakly correlated across countries and not explained by our macroeconomic and health system indicators. Considerable variation emerges in the out-of-pocket health expenditure budget share, which is highly correlated with the incidence of “catastrophic expenditures”. Out-of-pocket expenditures tend to be regressive and catastrophic expenditures tend to be concentrated among the poor when expenditures are assessed relative to income, while expenditures tend to be progressive and catastrophic expenditures tend to be concentrated among the rich when expenditures are assessed relative to consumption. At the extreme poverty line of $1.90-a-day, most impoverishment due to out-of-pocket expenditures occurs among low-income countries. 2022-01-11T16:27:35Z 2022-01-11T16:27:35Z 2020-07 Journal Article World Bank Research Observer 1564-6971 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/36808 CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo World Bank Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Journal Article
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
topic	OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURE POVERTY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FINANCIAL PROTECTION HEALTH SPENDING WELFARE FERTILITY FAMILY PLANNING CHILD CARE YOUTH
spellingShingle	OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURE POVERTY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FINANCIAL PROTECTION HEALTH SPENDING WELFARE FERTILITY FAMILY PLANNING CHILD CARE YOUTH Wagstaff, Adam Eozenou, Patrick Smitz, Marc Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake
description	This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures by reviewing the various summary measures and the results of multi-country studies using these measures. The paper presents estimates for 146 countries from all World Bank income groups for all summary measures, along with correlations between the summary measures and macroeconomic and health system indicators. Large differences emerge across countries in per capita out-of-pocket expenditures in 2011 international dollars, driven in large part by differences in per capita income and the share of GDP spent on health. The two measures of dispersion or risk—the coefficient of variation and Q90/Q50—are only weakly correlated across countries and not explained by our macroeconomic and health system indicators. Considerable variation emerges in the out-of-pocket health expenditure budget share, which is highly correlated with the incidence of “catastrophic expenditures”. Out-of-pocket expenditures tend to be regressive and catastrophic expenditures tend to be concentrated among the poor when expenditures are assessed relative to income, while expenditures tend to be progressive and catastrophic expenditures tend to be concentrated among the rich when expenditures are assessed relative to consumption. At the extreme poverty line of $1.90-a-day, most impoverishment due to out-of-pocket expenditures occurs among low-income countries.
format	Journal Article
author	Wagstaff, Adam Eozenou, Patrick Smitz, Marc
author_facet	Wagstaff, Adam Eozenou, Patrick Smitz, Marc
author_sort	Wagstaff, Adam
title	Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake
title_short	Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake
title_full	Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake
title_fullStr	Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake
title_full_unstemmed	Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake
title_sort	out-of-pocket expenditures on health : a global stocktake
publisher	Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
publishDate	2022
url	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/36808
_version_	1764485937234968576

Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health : A Global Stocktake

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