Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority

Wastewater use in agriculture is a growing practice worldwide. Drivers include increasing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more urban households engaged in agricultural activitie...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Scheierling, Susanne M., Bartone, Carl, Mara, Duncan D., Drechsel, Pay
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ABSORPTION ACTIVATED SLUDGE ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER ANIMALS ANNUAL RAINFALL AQUACULTURE ARSENIC ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION BACTERIA BASIC SANITATION BENZENE BIOGAS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CADMIUM CAMPYLOBACTER CHANNEL CHANNELS CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS CLIMATE CHANGE CLOGGING COLIFORMS COMPOSTING COMPOSTING TOILETS CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTION CONTAMINANTS CROP IRRIGATION CROP PRODUCTION CROP YIELDS DIRECT REUSE DISCHARGE DOMESTIC WASTES DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DRAINAGE DRINKING WATER DRIP IRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS DUGOUTS EFFLUENT EFFLUENT QUALITY EFFLUENTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EXCRETA EXCRETA DISPOSAL EXPORT FARMERS FARMING FECAL COLIFORM FECES FLOODS FLUSH TOILETS FOOD CHAIN FOOD SECURITY FORESTRY FRESHWATER GARBAGE GARDENS GAS GLACIERS GLOBAL WARMING GREYWATER GROUNDWATER POLLUTION HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HEAVY METALS HIGH LEVELS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER INTERNATIONAL WATER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION CANALS IRRIGATION WATER LAND APPLICATION LIMESTONE MERCURY MUNICIPAL SEWAGE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER NICKEL NIGHT SOIL NITRATES NUTRIENTS ODORS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ORGANIC WASTES PATHOGENS PESTICIDES PIPED WATER PIT LATRINES POLLUTED WATERS POLLUTION POLLUTION CONTROL POND POND SYSTEMS PONDS PRECIPITATION PRESSURE PROGRAMS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC TOILETS PUMPS QUALITY STANDARDS RAIN RAINWATER RAINWATER COLLECTION RECLAIMED WATER RESIDUES RIVER POLLUTION RIVERS RUNOFF SALINITY SAND SANITARY ENGINEERING SANITATION SANITATION COVERAGE SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SELENIUM SEPTIC TANKS SEWAGE FARMS SEWAGE SLUDGE SEWER PIPES SEWER SYSTEMS SEWERAGE SEWERAGE SERVICES SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SEWERS SLOW SAND FILTRATION SLUDGE TREATMENT SLUMS SOIL FERTILITY SOILS SOURCES OF WATER SPRING SPRINGS SQUATTERS STABILIZATION STORAGE CAPACITY STORM DRAINS STORM WATER STORMWATER SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER BODIES SURFACE WATERS TOXIC SUBSTANCES TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION TREATED EFFLUENTS TREATED WASTEWATER TREES TRICKLING FILTERS UNTREATED SEWAGE URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN SANITATION URBAN SEWERAGE URBAN WASTE URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY VIRUSES WASTE WASTE WATER WASTE WATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER WASTEWATER COLLECTION WASTEWATER IRRIGATION WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT WASTEWATER PRETREATMENT WASTEWATER RECLAMATION WASTEWATER REUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES WASTEWATER USE WASTEWATERS WATER BODY WATER CONNECTIONS WATER FLOWS WATER POLLUTION WATER QUALITY WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING WATER SECTOR WATER SHORT AREAS WATER SHORTAGES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLY
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100907090249 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3897

id	okr-10986-3897
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ABSORPTION ACTIVATED SLUDGE ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER ANIMALS ANNUAL RAINFALL AQUACULTURE ARSENIC ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION BACTERIA BASIC SANITATION BENZENE BIOGAS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CADMIUM CAMPYLOBACTER CHANNEL CHANNELS CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS CLIMATE CHANGE CLOGGING COLIFORMS COMPOSTING COMPOSTING TOILETS CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTION CONTAMINANTS CROP IRRIGATION CROP PRODUCTION CROP YIELDS DIRECT REUSE DISCHARGE DOMESTIC WASTES DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DRAINAGE DRINKING WATER DRIP IRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS DUGOUTS EFFLUENT EFFLUENT QUALITY EFFLUENTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EXCRETA EXCRETA DISPOSAL EXPORT FARMERS FARMING FECAL COLIFORM FECES FLOODS FLUSH TOILETS FOOD CHAIN FOOD SECURITY FORESTRY FRESHWATER GARBAGE GARDENS GAS GLACIERS GLOBAL WARMING GREYWATER GROUNDWATER POLLUTION HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HEAVY METALS HIGH LEVELS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER INTERNATIONAL WATER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION CANALS IRRIGATION WATER LAND APPLICATION LIMESTONE MERCURY MUNICIPAL SEWAGE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER NICKEL NIGHT SOIL NITRATES NUTRIENTS ODORS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ORGANIC WASTES PATHOGENS PESTICIDES PIPED WATER PIT LATRINES POLLUTED WATERS POLLUTION POLLUTION CONTROL POND POND SYSTEMS PONDS PRECIPITATION PRESSURE PROGRAMS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC TOILETS PUMPS QUALITY STANDARDS RAIN RAINWATER RAINWATER COLLECTION RECLAIMED WATER RESIDUES RIVER POLLUTION RIVERS RUNOFF SALINITY SAND SANITARY ENGINEERING SANITATION SANITATION COVERAGE SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SELENIUM SEPTIC TANKS SEWAGE FARMS SEWAGE SLUDGE SEWER PIPES SEWER SYSTEMS SEWERAGE SEWERAGE SERVICES SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SEWERS SLOW SAND FILTRATION SLUDGE TREATMENT SLUMS SOIL FERTILITY SOILS SOURCES OF WATER SPRING SPRINGS SQUATTERS STABILIZATION STORAGE CAPACITY STORM DRAINS STORM WATER STORMWATER SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER BODIES SURFACE WATERS TOXIC SUBSTANCES TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION TREATED EFFLUENTS TREATED WASTEWATER TREES TRICKLING FILTERS UNTREATED SEWAGE URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN SANITATION URBAN SEWERAGE URBAN WASTE URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY VIRUSES WASTE WASTE WATER WASTE WATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER WASTEWATER COLLECTION WASTEWATER IRRIGATION WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT WASTEWATER PRETREATMENT WASTEWATER RECLAMATION WASTEWATER REUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES WASTEWATER USE WASTEWATERS WATER BODY WATER CONNECTIONS WATER FLOWS WATER POLLUTION WATER QUALITY WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING WATER SECTOR WATER SHORT AREAS WATER SHORTAGES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLY
spellingShingle	ABSORPTION ACTIVATED SLUDGE ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER ANIMALS ANNUAL RAINFALL AQUACULTURE ARSENIC ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION BACTERIA BASIC SANITATION BENZENE BIOGAS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CADMIUM CAMPYLOBACTER CHANNEL CHANNELS CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS CLIMATE CHANGE CLOGGING COLIFORMS COMPOSTING COMPOSTING TOILETS CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTION CONTAMINANTS CROP IRRIGATION CROP PRODUCTION CROP YIELDS DIRECT REUSE DISCHARGE DOMESTIC WASTES DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DRAINAGE DRINKING WATER DRIP IRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS DUGOUTS EFFLUENT EFFLUENT QUALITY EFFLUENTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EXCRETA EXCRETA DISPOSAL EXPORT FARMERS FARMING FECAL COLIFORM FECES FLOODS FLUSH TOILETS FOOD CHAIN FOOD SECURITY FORESTRY FRESHWATER GARBAGE GARDENS GAS GLACIERS GLOBAL WARMING GREYWATER GROUNDWATER POLLUTION HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HEAVY METALS HIGH LEVELS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER INTERNATIONAL WATER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION CANALS IRRIGATION WATER LAND APPLICATION LIMESTONE MERCURY MUNICIPAL SEWAGE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER NICKEL NIGHT SOIL NITRATES NUTRIENTS ODORS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ORGANIC WASTES PATHOGENS PESTICIDES PIPED WATER PIT LATRINES POLLUTED WATERS POLLUTION POLLUTION CONTROL POND POND SYSTEMS PONDS PRECIPITATION PRESSURE PROGRAMS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC TOILETS PUMPS QUALITY STANDARDS RAIN RAINWATER RAINWATER COLLECTION RECLAIMED WATER RESIDUES RIVER POLLUTION RIVERS RUNOFF SALINITY SAND SANITARY ENGINEERING SANITATION SANITATION COVERAGE SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SELENIUM SEPTIC TANKS SEWAGE FARMS SEWAGE SLUDGE SEWER PIPES SEWER SYSTEMS SEWERAGE SEWERAGE SERVICES SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SEWERS SLOW SAND FILTRATION SLUDGE TREATMENT SLUMS SOIL FERTILITY SOILS SOURCES OF WATER SPRING SPRINGS SQUATTERS STABILIZATION STORAGE CAPACITY STORM DRAINS STORM WATER STORMWATER SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER BODIES SURFACE WATERS TOXIC SUBSTANCES TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION TREATED EFFLUENTS TREATED WASTEWATER TREES TRICKLING FILTERS UNTREATED SEWAGE URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN SANITATION URBAN SEWERAGE URBAN WASTE URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY VIRUSES WASTE WASTE WATER WASTE WATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER WASTEWATER COLLECTION WASTEWATER IRRIGATION WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT WASTEWATER PRETREATMENT WASTEWATER RECLAMATION WASTEWATER REUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES WASTEWATER USE WASTEWATERS WATER BODY WATER CONNECTIONS WATER FLOWS WATER POLLUTION WATER QUALITY WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING WATER SECTOR WATER SHORT AREAS WATER SHORTAGES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLY Scheierling, Susanne M. Bartone, Carl Mara, Duncan D. Drechsel, Pay Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority
geographic_facet	The World Region The World Region
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5412
description	Wastewater use in agriculture is a growing practice worldwide. Drivers include increasing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more urban households engaged in agricultural activities. The problem with this trend is that in low-income countries, but also in many middle-income countries, it either involves the direct use of untreated wastewater or the indirect use of polluted waters from rivers that receive untreated urban discharges. This poses substantial risks, in particular microbial risks to public health. To address these risks, the World Health Organization in 2006 issued new guidelines for the safe use of wastewater.This paper aims to highlight the growing importance of improving wastewater use in agriculture across the spectrum from lower to high-income countries. It presents an innovative approach linking key issues related to different aspects of wastewater irrigation to a country s level of economic development. Based on data presented in the World Bank s World Development Report, it differentiates between four country income levels to create a typology for analyzing current issues, trends, and priorities for improving agricultural wastewater use with a focus on reducing the risks to public health. It also presents the basic principles of the new 2006 World Health Organization Guidelines, and how to apply them. Beyond regulatory aspects, the paper also discusses other aspects that are important for achieving a more integrated approach to agricultural wastewater use, including institutional/planning, technological, economic/financial, and social issues. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for moving the wastewater irrigation agenda forward.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Scheierling, Susanne M. Bartone, Carl Mara, Duncan D. Drechsel, Pay
author_facet	Scheierling, Susanne M. Bartone, Carl Mara, Duncan D. Drechsel, Pay
author_sort	Scheierling, Susanne M.
title	Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority
title_short	Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority
title_full	Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority
title_fullStr	Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority
title_full_unstemmed	Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority
title_sort	improving wastewater use in agriculture : an emerging priority
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100907090249 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3897
_version_	1764388908139806720
spelling	okr-10986-38972021-04-23T14:02:13Z Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority Scheierling, Susanne M. Bartone, Carl Mara, Duncan D. Drechsel, Pay ABSORPTION ACTIVATED SLUDGE ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER ANIMALS ANNUAL RAINFALL AQUACULTURE ARSENIC ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION BACTERIA BASIC SANITATION BENZENE BIOGAS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CADMIUM CAMPYLOBACTER CHANNEL CHANNELS CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS CLIMATE CHANGE CLOGGING COLIFORMS COMPOSTING COMPOSTING TOILETS CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTION CONTAMINANTS CROP IRRIGATION CROP PRODUCTION CROP YIELDS DIRECT REUSE DISCHARGE DOMESTIC WASTES DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DRAINAGE DRINKING WATER DRIP IRRIGATION DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS DUGOUTS EFFLUENT EFFLUENT QUALITY EFFLUENTS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EXCRETA EXCRETA DISPOSAL EXPORT FARMERS FARMING FECAL COLIFORM FECES FLOODS FLUSH TOILETS FOOD CHAIN FOOD SECURITY FORESTRY FRESHWATER GARBAGE GARDENS GAS GLACIERS GLOBAL WARMING GREYWATER GROUNDWATER POLLUTION HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HEAVY METALS HIGH LEVELS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER INTERNATIONAL WATER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION CANALS IRRIGATION WATER LAND APPLICATION LIMESTONE MERCURY MUNICIPAL SEWAGE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER NICKEL NIGHT SOIL NITRATES NUTRIENTS ODORS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ORGANIC WASTES PATHOGENS PESTICIDES PIPED WATER PIT LATRINES POLLUTED WATERS POLLUTION POLLUTION CONTROL POND POND SYSTEMS PONDS PRECIPITATION PRESSURE PROGRAMS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC TOILETS PUMPS QUALITY STANDARDS RAIN RAINWATER RAINWATER COLLECTION RECLAIMED WATER RESIDUES RIVER POLLUTION RIVERS RUNOFF SALINITY SAND SANITARY ENGINEERING SANITATION SANITATION COVERAGE SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SELENIUM SEPTIC TANKS SEWAGE FARMS SEWAGE SLUDGE SEWER PIPES SEWER SYSTEMS SEWERAGE SEWERAGE SERVICES SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SEWERS SLOW SAND FILTRATION SLUDGE TREATMENT SLUMS SOIL FERTILITY SOILS SOURCES OF WATER SPRING SPRINGS SQUATTERS STABILIZATION STORAGE CAPACITY STORM DRAINS STORM WATER STORMWATER SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER BODIES SURFACE WATERS TOXIC SUBSTANCES TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION TREATED EFFLUENTS TREATED WASTEWATER TREES TRICKLING FILTERS UNTREATED SEWAGE URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN SANITATION URBAN SEWERAGE URBAN WASTE URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY VIRUSES WASTE WASTE WATER WASTE WATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER WASTEWATER COLLECTION WASTEWATER IRRIGATION WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT WASTEWATER PRETREATMENT WASTEWATER RECLAMATION WASTEWATER REUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES WASTEWATER USE WASTEWATERS WATER BODY WATER CONNECTIONS WATER FLOWS WATER POLLUTION WATER QUALITY WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING WATER SECTOR WATER SHORT AREAS WATER SHORTAGES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLY Wastewater use in agriculture is a growing practice worldwide. Drivers include increasing water stress, in part due to climate change; increasing urbanization and growing wastewater flows; and more urban households engaged in agricultural activities. The problem with this trend is that in low-income countries, but also in many middle-income countries, it either involves the direct use of untreated wastewater or the indirect use of polluted waters from rivers that receive untreated urban discharges. This poses substantial risks, in particular microbial risks to public health. To address these risks, the World Health Organization in 2006 issued new guidelines for the safe use of wastewater.This paper aims to highlight the growing importance of improving wastewater use in agriculture across the spectrum from lower to high-income countries. It presents an innovative approach linking key issues related to different aspects of wastewater irrigation to a country s level of economic development. Based on data presented in the World Bank s World Development Report, it differentiates between four country income levels to create a typology for analyzing current issues, trends, and priorities for improving agricultural wastewater use with a focus on reducing the risks to public health. It also presents the basic principles of the new 2006 World Health Organization Guidelines, and how to apply them. Beyond regulatory aspects, the paper also discusses other aspects that are important for achieving a more integrated approach to agricultural wastewater use, including institutional/planning, technological, economic/financial, and social issues. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for moving the wastewater irrigation agenda forward. 2012-03-19T18:41:47Z 2012-03-19T18:41:47Z 2010-09-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100907090249 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3897 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5412 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region

Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture : An Emerging Priority

Similar Items