Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis

Sub-Saharan Africa's dismal development outcomes -- growth collapse and declining real income -- are often used to highlight its sharp development contrast with other regions of the developing world. Drawing on a large cross-section analysis,...

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Main Author:	Fofack, Hippolyte
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE POVERTY ACCOUNTING ADVANCED ECONOMIES ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CRISES BANK POLICY BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORTS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONFLICT CONFLICT PREVENTION CONFLICTS CONSTRAINT COUNTERPARTS COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY RISK CRISES CROSS-BORDER CAPITAL CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES DEATHS DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT PATH DEVELOPMENT PATHS DISEQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DIVIDEND DIVIDENDS DOMESTIC SAVINGS DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS RESEARCH ELASTICITY EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL MODELS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL STUDIES ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS EXOGENOUS RATE EXPECTATION GAP EXPECTED RETURNS EXPENDITURE EXPORTS EXPOSURE EXPOSURES EXTERNAL DEBT EXTERNAL SHOCKS FINANCIAL CRISIS FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSET POSITIONS FRONTIERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GLOBAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL LEVEL GLOBAL TRADE GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH THEORY HIGH GROWTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN SECURITY IMF INCOME GROWTH INDEPENDENCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT FUNCTION INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING STANDARDS LONG-RUN GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MASSIVE INVESTMENTS MEETING MISMANAGEMENT MONETARY FUND NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT OIL CRISIS OUTPUT GROWTH PEACE PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RISK POLITICAL RISKS POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL VIOLENCE POOR GOVERNANCE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAPS PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTMENTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION STRUCTURES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY RATE OF INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME RECONSTRUCTION RESERVE RESERVES REVOLUTION RICH COUNTRIES RISK PROFILE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SKEWED DISTRIBUTION STATE INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TERMS OF TRADE THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TRADE SHOCKS UNDP VICTIMS VIRTUOUS CYCLE VIRTUOUS CYCLES VOLATILITY WAR WARS WORLD DEVELOPMENT WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100920133742 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3911

id	okr-10986-3911
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repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ABSOLUTE POVERTY ACCOUNTING ADVANCED ECONOMIES ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CRISES BANK POLICY BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORTS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONFLICT CONFLICT PREVENTION CONFLICTS CONSTRAINT COUNTERPARTS COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY RISK CRISES CROSS-BORDER CAPITAL CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES DEATHS DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT PATH DEVELOPMENT PATHS DISEQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DIVIDEND DIVIDENDS DOMESTIC SAVINGS DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS RESEARCH ELASTICITY EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL MODELS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL STUDIES ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS EXOGENOUS RATE EXPECTATION GAP EXPECTED RETURNS EXPENDITURE EXPORTS EXPOSURE EXPOSURES EXTERNAL DEBT EXTERNAL SHOCKS FINANCIAL CRISIS FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSET POSITIONS FRONTIERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GLOBAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL LEVEL GLOBAL TRADE GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH THEORY HIGH GROWTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN SECURITY IMF INCOME GROWTH INDEPENDENCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT FUNCTION INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING STANDARDS LONG-RUN GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MASSIVE INVESTMENTS MEETING MISMANAGEMENT MONETARY FUND NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT OIL CRISIS OUTPUT GROWTH PEACE PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RISK POLITICAL RISKS POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL VIOLENCE POOR GOVERNANCE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAPS PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTMENTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION STRUCTURES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY RATE OF INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME RECONSTRUCTION RESERVE RESERVES REVOLUTION RICH COUNTRIES RISK PROFILE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SKEWED DISTRIBUTION STATE INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TERMS OF TRADE THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TRADE SHOCKS UNDP VICTIMS VIRTUOUS CYCLE VIRTUOUS CYCLES VOLATILITY WAR WARS WORLD DEVELOPMENT WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE
spellingShingle	ABSOLUTE POVERTY ACCOUNTING ADVANCED ECONOMIES ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CRISES BANK POLICY BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORTS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONFLICT CONFLICT PREVENTION CONFLICTS CONSTRAINT COUNTERPARTS COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY RISK CRISES CROSS-BORDER CAPITAL CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES DEATHS DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT PATH DEVELOPMENT PATHS DISEQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DIVIDEND DIVIDENDS DOMESTIC SAVINGS DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS RESEARCH ELASTICITY EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL MODELS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL STUDIES ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS EXOGENOUS RATE EXPECTATION GAP EXPECTED RETURNS EXPENDITURE EXPORTS EXPOSURE EXPOSURES EXTERNAL DEBT EXTERNAL SHOCKS FINANCIAL CRISIS FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSET POSITIONS FRONTIERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GLOBAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL LEVEL GLOBAL TRADE GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH THEORY HIGH GROWTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN SECURITY IMF INCOME GROWTH INDEPENDENCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT FUNCTION INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING STANDARDS LONG-RUN GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MASSIVE INVESTMENTS MEETING MISMANAGEMENT MONETARY FUND NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT OIL CRISIS OUTPUT GROWTH PEACE PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RISK POLITICAL RISKS POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL VIOLENCE POOR GOVERNANCE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAPS PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTMENTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION STRUCTURES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY RATE OF INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME RECONSTRUCTION RESERVE RESERVES REVOLUTION RICH COUNTRIES RISK PROFILE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SKEWED DISTRIBUTION STATE INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TERMS OF TRADE THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TRADE SHOCKS UNDP VICTIMS VIRTUOUS CYCLE VIRTUOUS CYCLES VOLATILITY WAR WARS WORLD DEVELOPMENT WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE Fofack, Hippolyte Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis
geographic_facet	Africa Africa Africa
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5428
description	Sub-Saharan Africa's dismal development outcomes -- growth collapse and declining real income -- are often used to highlight its sharp development contrast with other regions of the developing world. Drawing on a large cross-section analysis, this paper shows that Africa's underlying dismal records can also be largely accounted for by the skewed distribution of growth in the post-independence era. In particular, structurally low investment rates in a context of high political risk and uncertainty undermined growth prospects in the region. However, counterfactual simulations based on a variation of neoclassical growth models and under the hypothetical equalization of political risk profile alternative result in large economic returns, reflected in the significantly higher level of aggregate output and income in the subset of conflict-affected countries. Income gets even higher when the hypothetical reduction of political risks alternative is accompanied by sustained increases in capital accumulation.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Fofack, Hippolyte
author_facet	Fofack, Hippolyte
author_sort	Fofack, Hippolyte
title	Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis
title_short	Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis
title_full	Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis
title_fullStr	Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis
title_sort	conflicts and returns to stability in developing countries : a comparative analysis
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100920133742 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3911
_version_	1764388979240599552
spelling	okr-10986-39112021-04-23T14:02:13Z Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis Fofack, Hippolyte ABSOLUTE POVERTY ACCOUNTING ADVANCED ECONOMIES ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CRISES BANK POLICY BENCHMARK BENCHMARKS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CAPITAL FLIGHT CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL FORMATION CAPITAL STOCK CIVIL WAR CIVIL WARS COMMODITIES COMMODITY COMMODITY EXPORTS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CONFLICT CONFLICT PREVENTION CONFLICTS CONSTRAINT COUNTERPARTS COUNTRY DUMMIES COUNTRY RISK CRISES CROSS-BORDER CAPITAL CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES DEATHS DEBT DEBT STOCKS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT CENTRE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT GOALS DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DEVELOPMENT PATH DEVELOPMENT PATHS DISEQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DIVIDEND DIVIDENDS DOMESTIC SAVINGS DRUGS ECONOMIC COOPERATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC LITERATURE ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS RESEARCH ELASTICITY EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES EMERGING MARKETS EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL MODELS EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL STUDIES ESTIMATED COEFFICIENT ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS EXOGENOUS RATE EXPECTATION GAP EXPECTED RETURNS EXPENDITURE EXPORTS EXPOSURE EXPOSURES EXTERNAL DEBT EXTERNAL SHOCKS FINANCIAL CRISIS FISCAL DEFICITS FOREIGN ASSET FOREIGN ASSET POSITIONS FRONTIERS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GLOBAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE GLOBAL ECONOMY GLOBAL LEVEL GLOBAL TRADE GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT SUPPORT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH MODEL GROWTH MODELS GROWTH PERFORMANCE GROWTH PROCESS GROWTH PROSPECTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES GROWTH THEORY HIGH GROWTH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT HUMAN SECURITY IMF INCOME GROWTH INDEPENDENCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT FUNCTION INVESTMENT RATES LABOR FORCE LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING STANDARDS LONG-RUN GROWTH LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC STABILITY MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY MASSIVE INVESTMENTS MEETING MISMANAGEMENT MONETARY FUND NATIONS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NEGATIVE EFFECT OIL CRISIS OUTPUT GROWTH PEACE PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL INSTABILITY POLITICAL RISK POLITICAL RISKS POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL VIOLENCE POOR GOVERNANCE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY TRAPS PRIMARY PRODUCTS PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTMENTS PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION STRUCTURES PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROTECTIONISM PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC POLICY RATE OF INVESTMENTS REAL INCOME RECONSTRUCTION RESERVE RESERVES REVOLUTION RICH COUNTRIES RISK PROFILE SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION SKEWED DISTRIBUTION STATE INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TERMS OF TRADE THIRD WORLD TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TRADE SHOCKS UNDP VICTIMS VIRTUOUS CYCLE VIRTUOUS CYCLES VOLATILITY WAR WARS WORLD DEVELOPMENT WORLD ECONOMY WORLD TRADE Sub-Saharan Africa's dismal development outcomes -- growth collapse and declining real income -- are often used to highlight its sharp development contrast with other regions of the developing world. Drawing on a large cross-section analysis, this paper shows that Africa's underlying dismal records can also be largely accounted for by the skewed distribution of growth in the post-independence era. In particular, structurally low investment rates in a context of high political risk and uncertainty undermined growth prospects in the region. However, counterfactual simulations based on a variation of neoclassical growth models and under the hypothetical equalization of political risk profile alternative result in large economic returns, reflected in the significantly higher level of aggregate output and income in the subset of conflict-affected countries. Income gets even higher when the hypothetical reduction of political risks alternative is accompanied by sustained increases in capital accumulation. 2012-03-19T18:42:01Z 2012-03-19T18:42:01Z 2010-09-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20100920133742 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3911 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5428 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Africa Africa Africa

Conflicts and Returns to Stability in Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis

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