How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence
Do women weather economic shocks differently than men? The evidence shows this to be the case, especially in low-income countries. The first-round impacts of economic crises on women's employment should be particularly salient in the current d...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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2012
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| Online Access: | http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20101207080622 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3978 |
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okr-10986-3978 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGE GROUP AGE GROUPS BABIES BASIC EDUCATION BASIC SANITATION BEHAVIOR CHANGE BULLETIN BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS CYCLES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHILD CARE CHILD HEALTH CHILD LABOR CHILD MORTALITY RATES CHILD SURVIVAL CHILDBEARING CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA CULTURAL CHANGE DEBT CRISES DEBT CRISIS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISABILITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMIC SHOCK ECONOMIC SHOCKS ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN ECONOMICS OF GENDER EDUCATED WOMEN EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EQUALITY FOR WOMEN ETHNIC GROUP EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES FAMILY INCOME FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY WORK FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE HEADS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE MORTALITY FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMINIST FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATE FERTILITY RATES FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL MARKETS FULL EMPLOYMENT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC GIRL INFANTS GIRLS HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH CHILD MORTALITY HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS ILLITERATE WOMEN ILLNESS INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFANT MORTALITY RATES INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL LABOR MARKET INFORMAL SECTOR INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN INTERVENTION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB OPPORTUNITIES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR OFFICE LABOUR SUPPLY LARGE NUMBERS OF WOMEN LIVE BIRTHS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE PARTICIPATION MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES MARRIED WOMEN MEDICINES MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MORTALITY RATE NEO-NATAL MORTALITY NEONATAL MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLDER WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR FAMILIES POOR WOMEN PREFERENCE FOR SONS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS PUBLIC WORKS SCHEMES REMITTANCES RETRENCHED WORKERS RICHER COUNTRIES RISING DEMAND RISING UNEMPLOYMENT ROLE OF WOMEN RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WOMEN SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SANITATION FACILITIES SCARCE RESOURCES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE INDUSTRIES SEX SEX OF THE CHILD SINGLE MOTHERS SPOUSES STATE UNIVERSITY STATUS OF WOMEN SUPPLY CHAINS TEMPORARY INCOME SUPPORT TEMPORARY JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED POOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS VULNERABILITY VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGE RATE WASTE WASTE RECYCLING WORK ACTIVITIES WORKER WORKERS WORKFORCE WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING WOMEN YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN YOUNGER WORKERS |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGE GROUP AGE GROUPS BABIES BASIC EDUCATION BASIC SANITATION BEHAVIOR CHANGE BULLETIN BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS CYCLES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHILD CARE CHILD HEALTH CHILD LABOR CHILD MORTALITY RATES CHILD SURVIVAL CHILDBEARING CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA CULTURAL CHANGE DEBT CRISES DEBT CRISIS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISABILITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMIC SHOCK ECONOMIC SHOCKS ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN ECONOMICS OF GENDER EDUCATED WOMEN EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EQUALITY FOR WOMEN ETHNIC GROUP EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES FAMILY INCOME FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY WORK FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE HEADS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE MORTALITY FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMINIST FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATE FERTILITY RATES FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL MARKETS FULL EMPLOYMENT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC GIRL INFANTS GIRLS HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH CHILD MORTALITY HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS ILLITERATE WOMEN ILLNESS INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFANT MORTALITY RATES INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL LABOR MARKET INFORMAL SECTOR INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN INTERVENTION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB OPPORTUNITIES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR OFFICE LABOUR SUPPLY LARGE NUMBERS OF WOMEN LIVE BIRTHS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE PARTICIPATION MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES MARRIED WOMEN MEDICINES MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MORTALITY RATE NEO-NATAL MORTALITY NEONATAL MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLDER WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR FAMILIES POOR WOMEN PREFERENCE FOR SONS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS PUBLIC WORKS SCHEMES REMITTANCES RETRENCHED WORKERS RICHER COUNTRIES RISING DEMAND RISING UNEMPLOYMENT ROLE OF WOMEN RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WOMEN SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SANITATION FACILITIES SCARCE RESOURCES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE INDUSTRIES SEX SEX OF THE CHILD SINGLE MOTHERS SPOUSES STATE UNIVERSITY STATUS OF WOMEN SUPPLY CHAINS TEMPORARY INCOME SUPPORT TEMPORARY JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED POOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS VULNERABILITY VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGE RATE WASTE WASTE RECYCLING WORK ACTIVITIES WORKER WORKERS WORKFORCE WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING WOMEN YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN YOUNGER WORKERS Sabarwal, Shwetlena Sinha, Nistha Buvinic, Mayra How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence |
| geographic_facet |
The World Region The World Region |
| relation |
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5496 |
| description |
Do women weather economic shocks
differently than men? The evidence shows this to be the
case, especially in low-income countries. The first-round
impacts of economic crises on women's employment should
be particularly salient in the current downturn, since women
have increased their participation in the globalized
workforce and therefore are more directly affected by the
contraction of employment than in the past. Crises also have
second-round impacts, as vulnerable households respond to
declining income with coping strategies that can vary
significantly by gender. In the past, women from low-income
households have typically entered the labor force, while
women from rich households have often exited the labor
market in response to economic crises. In contrast,
men's labor force participation rates have remained
largely unchanged. Evidence also suggests that women defer
fertility during economic crises and that child schooling
and child survival are adversely affected, mainly in
low-income countries, with adverse effects on health being
greater for girls than for boys. In middle-income countries,
by contrast, the effects on children's schooling and
health are more nuanced, and gender differences less
salient. Providing women in poor households with income
during economic downturns makes economic sense. This paper
reviews workfare programs and cash transfers and finds that
the former provide poor women with income only when they
include specific design features. The latter have been
effective in providing mothers with income and protecting
the wellbeing of children in periods of economic downturn. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Sabarwal, Shwetlena Sinha, Nistha Buvinic, Mayra |
| author_facet |
Sabarwal, Shwetlena Sinha, Nistha Buvinic, Mayra |
| author_sort |
Sabarwal, Shwetlena |
| title |
How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence |
| title_short |
How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence |
| title_full |
How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence |
| title_fullStr |
How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence |
| title_full_unstemmed |
How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence |
| title_sort |
how do women weather economic shocks? a review of the evidence |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20101207080622 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3978 |
| _version_ |
1764389313092517888 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-39782021-04-23T14:02:14Z How Do Women Weather Economic Shocks? A Review of the Evidence Sabarwal, Shwetlena Sinha, Nistha Buvinic, Mayra ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGE GROUP AGE GROUPS BABIES BASIC EDUCATION BASIC SANITATION BEHAVIOR CHANGE BULLETIN BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS CYCLES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CHILD CARE CHILD HEALTH CHILD LABOR CHILD MORTALITY RATES CHILD SURVIVAL CHILDBEARING CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA CULTURAL CHANGE DEBT CRISES DEBT CRISIS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DISABILITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMIC CRISES ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMIC SHOCK ECONOMIC SHOCKS ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN ECONOMICS OF GENDER EDUCATED WOMEN EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT TRENDS EQUALITY FOR WOMEN ETHNIC GROUP EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIES FAMILY INCOME FAMILY PLANNING FAMILY WORK FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE HEADS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE MORTALITY FEMALE WORK FEMALE WORKERS FEMINIST FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATE FERTILITY RATES FEWER WOMEN FINANCIAL MARKETS FULL EMPLOYMENT GENDER GENDER ANALYSIS GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIFFERENTIALS GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUALITY IN RIGHTS GENDER SPECIFIC GIRL INFANTS GIRLS HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH CHILD MORTALITY HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS ILLITERATE WOMEN ILLNESS INCOME SUPPORT PROGRAM INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INFANT INFANT DEATHS INFANT MORTALITY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INFANT MORTALITY RATES INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL LABOR MARKET INFORMAL SECTOR INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN INTERVENTION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB OPPORTUNITIES JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET IMPACT LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR POLICY LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR OFFICE LABOUR SUPPLY LARGE NUMBERS OF WOMEN LIVE BIRTHS LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MALE COUNTERPARTS MALE PARTICIPATION MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES MARRIED WOMEN MEDICINES MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MINIMUM WAGE MINIMUM WAGES MORTALITY RATE NEO-NATAL MORTALITY NEONATAL MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLDER WOMEN POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR FAMILIES POOR WOMEN PREFERENCE FOR SONS PREGNANCY PREGNANT WOMEN PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN PUBLIC WORKS PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS PUBLIC WORKS SCHEMES REMITTANCES RETRENCHED WORKERS RICHER COUNTRIES RISING DEMAND RISING UNEMPLOYMENT ROLE OF WOMEN RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL WOMEN SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SANITATION FACILITIES SCARCE RESOURCES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SECONDARY EDUCATION SERVICE INDUSTRIES SEX SEX OF THE CHILD SINGLE MOTHERS SPOUSES STATE UNIVERSITY STATUS OF WOMEN SUPPLY CHAINS TEMPORARY INCOME SUPPORT TEMPORARY JOB TRAINING PROGRAMS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED POOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS URBAN AREAS VULNERABILITY VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGE RATE WASTE WASTE RECYCLING WORK ACTIVITIES WORKER WORKERS WORKFORCE WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING WOMEN YOUNG MEN YOUNG WOMEN YOUNGER WORKERS Do women weather economic shocks differently than men? The evidence shows this to be the case, especially in low-income countries. The first-round impacts of economic crises on women's employment should be particularly salient in the current downturn, since women have increased their participation in the globalized workforce and therefore are more directly affected by the contraction of employment than in the past. Crises also have second-round impacts, as vulnerable households respond to declining income with coping strategies that can vary significantly by gender. In the past, women from low-income households have typically entered the labor force, while women from rich households have often exited the labor market in response to economic crises. In contrast, men's labor force participation rates have remained largely unchanged. Evidence also suggests that women defer fertility during economic crises and that child schooling and child survival are adversely affected, mainly in low-income countries, with adverse effects on health being greater for girls than for boys. In middle-income countries, by contrast, the effects on children's schooling and health are more nuanced, and gender differences less salient. Providing women in poor households with income during economic downturns makes economic sense. This paper reviews workfare programs and cash transfers and finds that the former provide poor women with income only when they include specific design features. The latter have been effective in providing mothers with income and protecting the wellbeing of children in periods of economic downturn. 2012-03-19T18:43:15Z 2012-03-19T18:43:15Z 2010-12-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20101207080622 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3978 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5496 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region |