Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies

This study reviews the prospects of wind power at the global level. Existing studies indicate that the earth's wind energy supply potential significantly exceeds global energy demand. Yet, only 1 percent of the global electricity demand is cur...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	van Kooten, G. Cornelis, Timilsina, Govinda R.
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	AIR POLLUTION APPROACH AVAILABILITY BALANCE BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON CREDITS CARBON TAX CEMENT CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION CLEAN DEVELOPMENT CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CLIMATE EXCHANGE COAL COAL MINE COASTAL AREAS CONVENTIONAL GENERATION COST OF ELECTRICITY COST OF ENERGY COST OF WIND POWER COSTS OF ELECTRICITY COSTS OF EXTERNALITIES CYCLE GAS CYCLE GAS PLANTS DIESEL DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY DOMESTIC ENERGY ELECTRIC GRID ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ELECTRICAL GENERATION ELECTRICAL GRID ELECTRICAL GRIDS ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CAPACITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY DEMAND ELECTRICITY FROM WIND ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SECTOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ELECTRICITY SYSTEM EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMPLOYMENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY POLICIES ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SECURITY ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES ETHANOL FEATHERING FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL PRICES FOSSIL FUELS FUEL FUEL CELL FUEL COSTS FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL SWITCHING GAS PLANTS GAS TURBINE GASIFICATION GENERATION GENERATION CAPACITY GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY GLOBAL WIND GENERATING CAPACITY GREEN ENERGY GRID CHARACTERISTICS GRID CONNECTION GRID ELECTRICITY GRID ELECTRIFICATION GRID EXTENSION GRID INTERCONNECTION GRID WIND POWER HEAT HYDRO SOURCES HYDROGEN HYDROPOWER INCOME INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY LAND USE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS MEAN WIND SPEED METEOROLOGICAL DATA METHANE NATIONAL GRID NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OFFSHORE WIND OFFSHORE WIND CAPACITY OFFSHORE WIND FARMS PIPELINE POWER AVAILABILITY POWER FROM WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER GENERATORS POWER PRODUCERS POWER PROJECT POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS POWER SYSTEM PRICE VOLATILITY PRICES OF FUELS PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL EMISSIONS RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SMALL POWER PRODUCERS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR THERMAL SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING TAX CREDIT TAX CREDITS TAX INCENTIVES THERMAL POWER THERMAL POWER PLANTS TOTAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION GRID TRANSMISSION LINES TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TURBINE COMPONENTS TURBINES UTILITY-SCALE UTILITY-SCALE WIND POWER VOLTAGE VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS WASTE WEATHER PATTERNS WIND WIND CAPACITY WIND DATA WIND DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY PROJECTS WIND FARM WIND GENERATING CAPACITY WIND GENERATION WIND GENERATORS WIND INDUSTRY WIND PENETRATION WIND POTENTIAL WIND POWER WIND POWER CAPACITY WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT WIND POWER GENERATION WIND POWER GENERATORS WIND POWER PLANTS WIND POWER POTENTIAL WIND POWER PRODUCTION WIND POWER PROJECT WIND POWER RESOURCES WIND PRODUCERS WIND PROJECTS WIND RESOURCE WIND RESOURCES WIND SITES WIND SPEED WIND SPEEDS WIND TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINES WIND VARIABILITY WINDMILLS WINDS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090318101605 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4063

id	okr-10986-4063
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	AIR POLLUTION APPROACH AVAILABILITY BALANCE BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON CREDITS CARBON TAX CEMENT CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION CLEAN DEVELOPMENT CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CLIMATE EXCHANGE COAL COAL MINE COASTAL AREAS CONVENTIONAL GENERATION COST OF ELECTRICITY COST OF ENERGY COST OF WIND POWER COSTS OF ELECTRICITY COSTS OF EXTERNALITIES CYCLE GAS CYCLE GAS PLANTS DIESEL DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY DOMESTIC ENERGY ELECTRIC GRID ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ELECTRICAL GENERATION ELECTRICAL GRID ELECTRICAL GRIDS ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CAPACITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY DEMAND ELECTRICITY FROM WIND ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SECTOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ELECTRICITY SYSTEM EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMPLOYMENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY POLICIES ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SECURITY ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES ETHANOL FEATHERING FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL PRICES FOSSIL FUELS FUEL FUEL CELL FUEL COSTS FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL SWITCHING GAS PLANTS GAS TURBINE GASIFICATION GENERATION GENERATION CAPACITY GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY GLOBAL WIND GENERATING CAPACITY GREEN ENERGY GRID CHARACTERISTICS GRID CONNECTION GRID ELECTRICITY GRID ELECTRIFICATION GRID EXTENSION GRID INTERCONNECTION GRID WIND POWER HEAT HYDRO SOURCES HYDROGEN HYDROPOWER INCOME INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY LAND USE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS MEAN WIND SPEED METEOROLOGICAL DATA METHANE NATIONAL GRID NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OFFSHORE WIND OFFSHORE WIND CAPACITY OFFSHORE WIND FARMS PIPELINE POWER AVAILABILITY POWER FROM WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER GENERATORS POWER PRODUCERS POWER PROJECT POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS POWER SYSTEM PRICE VOLATILITY PRICES OF FUELS PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL EMISSIONS RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SMALL POWER PRODUCERS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR THERMAL SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING TAX CREDIT TAX CREDITS TAX INCENTIVES THERMAL POWER THERMAL POWER PLANTS TOTAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION GRID TRANSMISSION LINES TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TURBINE COMPONENTS TURBINES UTILITY-SCALE UTILITY-SCALE WIND POWER VOLTAGE VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS WASTE WEATHER PATTERNS WIND WIND CAPACITY WIND DATA WIND DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY PROJECTS WIND FARM WIND GENERATING CAPACITY WIND GENERATION WIND GENERATORS WIND INDUSTRY WIND PENETRATION WIND POTENTIAL WIND POWER WIND POWER CAPACITY WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT WIND POWER GENERATION WIND POWER GENERATORS WIND POWER PLANTS WIND POWER POTENTIAL WIND POWER PRODUCTION WIND POWER PROJECT WIND POWER RESOURCES WIND PRODUCERS WIND PROJECTS WIND RESOURCE WIND RESOURCES WIND SITES WIND SPEED WIND SPEEDS WIND TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINES WIND VARIABILITY WINDMILLS WINDS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
spellingShingle	AIR POLLUTION APPROACH AVAILABILITY BALANCE BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON CREDITS CARBON TAX CEMENT CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION CLEAN DEVELOPMENT CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CLIMATE EXCHANGE COAL COAL MINE COASTAL AREAS CONVENTIONAL GENERATION COST OF ELECTRICITY COST OF ENERGY COST OF WIND POWER COSTS OF ELECTRICITY COSTS OF EXTERNALITIES CYCLE GAS CYCLE GAS PLANTS DIESEL DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY DOMESTIC ENERGY ELECTRIC GRID ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ELECTRICAL GENERATION ELECTRICAL GRID ELECTRICAL GRIDS ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CAPACITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY DEMAND ELECTRICITY FROM WIND ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SECTOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ELECTRICITY SYSTEM EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMPLOYMENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY POLICIES ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SECURITY ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES ETHANOL FEATHERING FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL PRICES FOSSIL FUELS FUEL FUEL CELL FUEL COSTS FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL SWITCHING GAS PLANTS GAS TURBINE GASIFICATION GENERATION GENERATION CAPACITY GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY GLOBAL WIND GENERATING CAPACITY GREEN ENERGY GRID CHARACTERISTICS GRID CONNECTION GRID ELECTRICITY GRID ELECTRIFICATION GRID EXTENSION GRID INTERCONNECTION GRID WIND POWER HEAT HYDRO SOURCES HYDROGEN HYDROPOWER INCOME INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY LAND USE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS MEAN WIND SPEED METEOROLOGICAL DATA METHANE NATIONAL GRID NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OFFSHORE WIND OFFSHORE WIND CAPACITY OFFSHORE WIND FARMS PIPELINE POWER AVAILABILITY POWER FROM WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER GENERATORS POWER PRODUCERS POWER PROJECT POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS POWER SYSTEM PRICE VOLATILITY PRICES OF FUELS PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL EMISSIONS RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SMALL POWER PRODUCERS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR THERMAL SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING TAX CREDIT TAX CREDITS TAX INCENTIVES THERMAL POWER THERMAL POWER PLANTS TOTAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION GRID TRANSMISSION LINES TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TURBINE COMPONENTS TURBINES UTILITY-SCALE UTILITY-SCALE WIND POWER VOLTAGE VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS WASTE WEATHER PATTERNS WIND WIND CAPACITY WIND DATA WIND DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY PROJECTS WIND FARM WIND GENERATING CAPACITY WIND GENERATION WIND GENERATORS WIND INDUSTRY WIND PENETRATION WIND POTENTIAL WIND POWER WIND POWER CAPACITY WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT WIND POWER GENERATION WIND POWER GENERATORS WIND POWER PLANTS WIND POWER POTENTIAL WIND POWER PRODUCTION WIND POWER PROJECT WIND POWER RESOURCES WIND PRODUCERS WIND PROJECTS WIND RESOURCE WIND RESOURCES WIND SITES WIND SPEED WIND SPEEDS WIND TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINES WIND VARIABILITY WINDMILLS WINDS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK van Kooten, G. Cornelis Timilsina, Govinda R. Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies
geographic_facet	The World Region The World Region
relation	Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4868
description	This study reviews the prospects of wind power at the global level. Existing studies indicate that the earth's wind energy supply potential significantly exceeds global energy demand. Yet, only 1 percent of the global electricity demand is currently derived from wind power despite 40 percent annual growth in wind generating capacity over the past 25 years. More than 98 percent of total current wind power capacity is installed in the developed countries plus China and India. It has been estimated that wind power could supply 7 to 34 percent of global electricity needs by 2050. However, wind power faces a large number of technical, economic, financial, institutional, market, and other barriers. To overcome these barriers, many countries have employed various policy instruments, including capital subsidies, tax incentives, tradable energy certificates, feed-in tariffs, grid access guarantees and mandatory standards. Besides these policies, climate change mitigation initiatives resulting from the Kyoto Protocol (e.g., CO2-emission reduction targets in developed countries and the Clean Development Mechanism in developing countries) have played a significant role in promoting wind power.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	van Kooten, G. Cornelis Timilsina, Govinda R.
author_facet	van Kooten, G. Cornelis Timilsina, Govinda R.
author_sort	van Kooten, G. Cornelis
title	Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies
title_short	Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies
title_full	Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies
title_fullStr	Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies
title_full_unstemmed	Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies
title_sort	wind power development : economics and policies
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090318101605 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4063
_version_	1764389749417574400
spelling	okr-10986-40632021-04-23T14:02:15Z Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies van Kooten, G. Cornelis Timilsina, Govinda R. AIR POLLUTION APPROACH AVAILABILITY BALANCE BIOGAS BIOMASS BIOMASS ENERGY CAPACITY FACTORS CARBON CARBON CAPTURE CARBON CREDITS CARBON TAX CEMENT CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION CLEAN DEVELOPMENT CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM CLEAN ENERGY CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVES CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CLIMATE EXCHANGE COAL COAL MINE COASTAL AREAS CONVENTIONAL GENERATION COST OF ELECTRICITY COST OF ENERGY COST OF WIND POWER COSTS OF ELECTRICITY COSTS OF EXTERNALITIES CYCLE GAS CYCLE GAS PLANTS DIESEL DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY DOMESTIC ENERGY ELECTRIC GRID ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION ELECTRICAL GENERATION ELECTRICAL GRID ELECTRICAL GRIDS ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY CAPACITY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION ELECTRICITY DEMAND ELECTRICITY FROM WIND ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ELECTRICITY SECTOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ELECTRICITY SYSTEM EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS REDUCTION EMPLOYMENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY OUTLOOK ENERGY POLICIES ENERGY PRODUCTION ENERGY PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY SECURITY ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY SYSTEMS ENERGY USE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES ETHANOL FEATHERING FOSSIL FOSSIL FUEL FOSSIL FUEL PRICES FOSSIL FUELS FUEL FUEL CELL FUEL COSTS FUEL PRICE FUEL PRICES FUEL SWITCHING GAS PLANTS GAS TURBINE GASIFICATION GENERATION GENERATION CAPACITY GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND GLOBAL ENERGY SUPPLY GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY GLOBAL WIND GENERATING CAPACITY GREEN ENERGY GRID CHARACTERISTICS GRID CONNECTION GRID ELECTRICITY GRID ELECTRIFICATION GRID EXTENSION GRID INTERCONNECTION GRID WIND POWER HEAT HYDRO SOURCES HYDROGEN HYDROPOWER INCOME INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY LAND USE LANDFILL LANDFILL GAS MEAN WIND SPEED METEOROLOGICAL DATA METHANE NATIONAL GRID NUCLEAR ENERGY NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OFFSHORE WIND OFFSHORE WIND CAPACITY OFFSHORE WIND FARMS PIPELINE POWER AVAILABILITY POWER FROM WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY POWER GENERATORS POWER PRODUCERS POWER PROJECT POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS POWER SYSTEM PRICE VOLATILITY PRICES OF FUELS PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL EMISSIONS RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY RENEWABLE GENERATION RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY RESERVOIRS RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SMALL POWER PRODUCERS SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR THERMAL SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS SPACE HEATING TAX CREDIT TAX CREDITS TAX INCENTIVES THERMAL POWER THERMAL POWER PLANTS TOTAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION GRID TRANSMISSION LINES TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TURBINE COMPONENTS TURBINES UTILITY-SCALE UTILITY-SCALE WIND POWER VOLTAGE VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS WASTE WEATHER PATTERNS WIND WIND CAPACITY WIND DATA WIND DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT WIND ENERGY PROJECTS WIND FARM WIND GENERATING CAPACITY WIND GENERATION WIND GENERATORS WIND INDUSTRY WIND PENETRATION WIND POTENTIAL WIND POWER WIND POWER CAPACITY WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT WIND POWER GENERATION WIND POWER GENERATORS WIND POWER PLANTS WIND POWER POTENTIAL WIND POWER PRODUCTION WIND POWER PROJECT WIND POWER RESOURCES WIND PRODUCERS WIND PROJECTS WIND RESOURCE WIND RESOURCES WIND SITES WIND SPEED WIND SPEEDS WIND TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINE WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY WIND TURBINES WIND VARIABILITY WINDMILLS WINDS WORLD ENERGY WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK This study reviews the prospects of wind power at the global level. Existing studies indicate that the earth's wind energy supply potential significantly exceeds global energy demand. Yet, only 1 percent of the global electricity demand is currently derived from wind power despite 40 percent annual growth in wind generating capacity over the past 25 years. More than 98 percent of total current wind power capacity is installed in the developed countries plus China and India. It has been estimated that wind power could supply 7 to 34 percent of global electricity needs by 2050. However, wind power faces a large number of technical, economic, financial, institutional, market, and other barriers. To overcome these barriers, many countries have employed various policy instruments, including capital subsidies, tax incentives, tradable energy certificates, feed-in tariffs, grid access guarantees and mandatory standards. Besides these policies, climate change mitigation initiatives resulting from the Kyoto Protocol (e.g., CO2-emission reduction targets in developed countries and the Clean Development Mechanism in developing countries) have played a significant role in promoting wind power. 2012-03-19T19:09:19Z 2012-03-19T19:09:19Z 2009-03-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090318101605 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4063 English Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4868 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper The World Region The World Region

Wind Power Development : Economics and Policies

Similar Items