Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey

In this survey the author assemble recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality, analyzing the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. In accordance with recent evidence, the aut...

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Main Authors:	Oviedo, Ana Maria, Thomas, Mark R., Karakurum-Ozdemir, Kamer
Format:	Publication
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTMENT COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE COSTS AGGREGATE INCOME AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURE AUDITS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE WAGE BANKING SYSTEM BANKRUPTCY BASE YEAR BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS COUNSELING BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS OWNERS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL STOCK CASH TRANSFERS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT CORRUPTION CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CURRENCY CUSTOMER BASE DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPMENT BANK DISABILITY DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT DISMISSAL DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC COSTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC SYSTEM ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS ELASTICITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT INCREASES EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTRY BARRIERS ENTRY COSTS EXCESSIVE REGULATION EXTERNALITIES EXTORTION FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FEDERAL INCOME TAXES FEDERAL TAX FEDERAL TAXES FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL DEPTH FINANCIAL MARKETS FIRING COSTS FIRM GROWTH FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SURVEYS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL LABOR MARKET FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS FREE RIDER GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GREATER ACCESS GROSS INCOME GROSS REVENUES GROWTH POTENTIAL GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL ID INCOME LEVELS INCOME TAX INCOME TAXES INCOMES INFLATION INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL INSURANCE INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL WORKER INFORMAL WORKERS INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CLIMATE JOB CREATION JOB LOSS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE SURVEYS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REGULATION LABOR REGULATIONS LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LACK OF ACCESS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIFE SPAN LIFETIME LOST INCOME LOW TRUST MANDATED BENEFITS MANDATORY CONTRIBUTIONS MARGINAL BENEFITS MARKET SHARES MARKETING MEDIA CAMPAIGNS MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MORTGAGE MOTIVATION NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY OPPORTUNITY COST PAYROLL TAXES PENSION PENSION COVERAGE PENSION PLAN PENSION SCHEME POLICY DESIGN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PROBABILITY PRODUCING GOODS PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET REGULATIONS PRODUCTION UNITS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PROFITABILITY PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES RED TAPE REGISTRATION PROCESS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENTS RURAL WORKERS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SAFETY STANDARDS SALARIED WORKERS SALES SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEVERANCE PAYMENTS SHADOW ECONOMY SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL ENTREPRENEURS SMALL-BUSINESS SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS TARIFF SYSTEM TAX BREAKS TAX BURDEN TAX COSTS TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX INCENTIVES TAX LEGISLATION TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXABLE INCOME TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRADE BARRIERS TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNFAIR COMPETITION UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTIONS VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE BILL WAGE RIGIDITY WAGES WEALTH WORKER WORKERS WORTH YOUNG PEOPLE
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333037_20090916010012 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2673 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5917

id	okr-10986-5917
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTMENT COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE COSTS AGGREGATE INCOME AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURE AUDITS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE WAGE BANKING SYSTEM BANKRUPTCY BASE YEAR BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS COUNSELING BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS OWNERS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL STOCK CASH TRANSFERS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT CORRUPTION CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CURRENCY CUSTOMER BASE DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPMENT BANK DISABILITY DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT DISMISSAL DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC COSTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC SYSTEM ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS ELASTICITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT INCREASES EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTRY BARRIERS ENTRY COSTS EXCESSIVE REGULATION EXTERNALITIES EXTORTION FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FEDERAL INCOME TAXES FEDERAL TAX FEDERAL TAXES FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL DEPTH FINANCIAL MARKETS FIRING COSTS FIRM GROWTH FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SURVEYS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL LABOR MARKET FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS FREE RIDER GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GREATER ACCESS GROSS INCOME GROSS REVENUES GROWTH POTENTIAL GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL ID INCOME LEVELS INCOME TAX INCOME TAXES INCOMES INFLATION INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL INSURANCE INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL WORKER INFORMAL WORKERS INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CLIMATE JOB CREATION JOB LOSS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE SURVEYS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REGULATION LABOR REGULATIONS LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LACK OF ACCESS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIFE SPAN LIFETIME LOST INCOME LOW TRUST MANDATED BENEFITS MANDATORY CONTRIBUTIONS MARGINAL BENEFITS MARKET SHARES MARKETING MEDIA CAMPAIGNS MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MORTGAGE MOTIVATION NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY OPPORTUNITY COST PAYROLL TAXES PENSION PENSION COVERAGE PENSION PLAN PENSION SCHEME POLICY DESIGN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PROBABILITY PRODUCING GOODS PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET REGULATIONS PRODUCTION UNITS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PROFITABILITY PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES RED TAPE REGISTRATION PROCESS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENTS RURAL WORKERS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SAFETY STANDARDS SALARIED WORKERS SALES SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEVERANCE PAYMENTS SHADOW ECONOMY SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL ENTREPRENEURS SMALL-BUSINESS SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS TARIFF SYSTEM TAX BREAKS TAX BURDEN TAX COSTS TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX INCENTIVES TAX LEGISLATION TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXABLE INCOME TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRADE BARRIERS TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNFAIR COMPETITION UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTIONS VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE BILL WAGE RIGIDITY WAGES WEALTH WORKER WORKERS WORTH YOUNG PEOPLE
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTMENT COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE COSTS AGGREGATE INCOME AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURE AUDITS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE WAGE BANKING SYSTEM BANKRUPTCY BASE YEAR BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS COUNSELING BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS OWNERS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL STOCK CASH TRANSFERS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT CORRUPTION CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CURRENCY CUSTOMER BASE DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPMENT BANK DISABILITY DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT DISMISSAL DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC COSTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC SYSTEM ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS ELASTICITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT INCREASES EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTRY BARRIERS ENTRY COSTS EXCESSIVE REGULATION EXTERNALITIES EXTORTION FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FEDERAL INCOME TAXES FEDERAL TAX FEDERAL TAXES FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL DEPTH FINANCIAL MARKETS FIRING COSTS FIRM GROWTH FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SURVEYS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL LABOR MARKET FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS FREE RIDER GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GREATER ACCESS GROSS INCOME GROSS REVENUES GROWTH POTENTIAL GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL ID INCOME LEVELS INCOME TAX INCOME TAXES INCOMES INFLATION INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL INSURANCE INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL WORKER INFORMAL WORKERS INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CLIMATE JOB CREATION JOB LOSS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE SURVEYS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REGULATION LABOR REGULATIONS LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LACK OF ACCESS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIFE SPAN LIFETIME LOST INCOME LOW TRUST MANDATED BENEFITS MANDATORY CONTRIBUTIONS MARGINAL BENEFITS MARKET SHARES MARKETING MEDIA CAMPAIGNS MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MORTGAGE MOTIVATION NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY OPPORTUNITY COST PAYROLL TAXES PENSION PENSION COVERAGE PENSION PLAN PENSION SCHEME POLICY DESIGN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PROBABILITY PRODUCING GOODS PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET REGULATIONS PRODUCTION UNITS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PROFITABILITY PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES RED TAPE REGISTRATION PROCESS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENTS RURAL WORKERS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SAFETY STANDARDS SALARIED WORKERS SALES SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEVERANCE PAYMENTS SHADOW ECONOMY SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL ENTREPRENEURS SMALL-BUSINESS SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS TARIFF SYSTEM TAX BREAKS TAX BURDEN TAX COSTS TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX INCENTIVES TAX LEGISLATION TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXABLE INCOME TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRADE BARRIERS TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNFAIR COMPETITION UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTIONS VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE BILL WAGE RIGIDITY WAGES WEALTH WORKER WORKERS WORTH YOUNG PEOPLE Oviedo, Ana Maria Thomas, Mark R. Karakurum-Ozdemir, Kamer Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey
relation	World Bank Working Paper ; no. 167.
description	In this survey the author assemble recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality, analyzing the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. In accordance with recent evidence, the author discusses the nature and the roots of informal economic activity across countries distinguishing between informality as the result of 'exclusion' and 'exit.' The author then provides an extensive review of recent international experience with policies aimed at reducing informality, in particular policies that facilitate the formalization process, create a framework for the transition from informality to formality, lend support to newly created firms, reduce or eliminate inconsistencies across regulation and government agencies, increase information flows, and increase enforcement.
format	Publications & Research :: Publication
author	Oviedo, Ana Maria Thomas, Mark R. Karakurum-Ozdemir, Kamer
author_facet	Oviedo, Ana Maria Thomas, Mark R. Karakurum-Ozdemir, Kamer
author_sort	Oviedo, Ana Maria
title	Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey
title_short	Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey
title_full	Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey
title_fullStr	Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey
title_full_unstemmed	Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey
title_sort	economic informality : causes, costs, and policies - a literature survey
publisher	World Bank
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333037_20090916010012 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2673 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5917
_version_	1764396761679396864
spelling	okr-10986-59172021-04-23T14:02:24Z Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey Oviedo, Ana Maria Thomas, Mark R. Karakurum-Ozdemir, Kamer ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO RESOURCES ADJUSTMENT COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ADVERSE EFFECT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGGREGATE COSTS AGGREGATE INCOME AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURE AUDITS AVERAGE GROWTH AVERAGE WAGE BANKING SYSTEM BANKRUPTCY BASE YEAR BUSINESS ACTIVITY BUSINESS COUNSELING BUSINESS CYCLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS OWNERS CALCULATIONS CAPITAL STOCK CASH TRANSFERS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT CORRUPTION CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CURRENCY CUSTOMER BASE DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS DEVELOPMENT BANK DISABILITY DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT DISMISSAL DIVERSIFICATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC COSTS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ECONOMIC PROGRESS ECONOMIC SYSTEM ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS ELASTICITY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT INCREASES EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEUR ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTRY BARRIERS ENTRY COSTS EXCESSIVE REGULATION EXTERNALITIES EXTORTION FAMILIES FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FEDERAL INCOME TAXES FEDERAL TAX FEDERAL TAXES FINANCIAL CRISES FINANCIAL DEPTH FINANCIAL MARKETS FIRING COSTS FIRM GROWTH FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SURVEYS FORMAL CREDIT FORMAL LABOR MARKET FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS FREE RIDER GDP GDP PER CAPITA GINI COEFFICIENT GREATER ACCESS GROSS INCOME GROSS REVENUES GROWTH POTENTIAL GROWTH RATE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL ID INCOME LEVELS INCOME TAX INCOME TAXES INCOMES INFLATION INFORMAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INFORMAL ECONOMY INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL INSURANCE INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL WORKER INFORMAL WORKERS INNOVATION INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENT CLIMATE JOB CREATION JOB LOSS JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR CONTRACTS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE SURVEYS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REGULATION LABOR REGULATIONS LABOUR LABOUR OFFICE LACK OF ACCESS LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIFE SPAN LIFETIME LOST INCOME LOW TRUST MANDATED BENEFITS MANDATORY CONTRIBUTIONS MARGINAL BENEFITS MARKET SHARES MARKETING MEDIA CAMPAIGNS MONOPOLY MONOPOLY RENTS MORTGAGE MOTIVATION NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY OPPORTUNITY COST PAYROLL TAXES PENSION PENSION COVERAGE PENSION PLAN PENSION SCHEME POLICY DESIGN PRIVATE ENTERPRISE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PROBABILITY PRODUCING GOODS PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET REGULATIONS PRODUCTION UNITS PRODUCTIVITY GAINS PROFITABILITY PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES RED TAPE REGISTRATION PROCESS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENTS RURAL WORKERS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SAFETY STANDARDS SALARIED WORKERS SALES SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEVERANCE PAYMENTS SHADOW ECONOMY SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESSES SMALL ENTERPRISES SMALL ENTREPRENEURS SMALL-BUSINESS SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS TARIFF SYSTEM TAX BREAKS TAX BURDEN TAX COSTS TAX EXEMPTIONS TAX INCENTIVES TAX LEGISLATION TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXABLE INCOME TAXATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL LABOR FORCE TRADE BARRIERS TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE UNFAIR COMPETITION UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTIONS VALUABLE VOUCHERS WAGE BILL WAGE RIGIDITY WAGES WEALTH WORKER WORKERS WORTH YOUNG PEOPLE In this survey the author assemble recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality, analyzing the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. In accordance with recent evidence, the author discusses the nature and the roots of informal economic activity across countries distinguishing between informality as the result of 'exclusion' and 'exit.' The author then provides an extensive review of recent international experience with policies aimed at reducing informality, in particular policies that facilitate the formalization process, create a framework for the transition from informality to formality, lend support to newly created firms, reduce or eliminate inconsistencies across regulation and government agencies, increase information flows, and increase enforcement. 2012-03-19T10:04:32Z 2012-04-04T07:43:52Z 2012-03-19T10:04:32Z 2012-04-04T07:43:52Z 2009-05-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333037_20090916010012 978-0-8213-7996-7 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2673 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5917 English World Bank Working Paper ; no. 167. CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication

Economic Informality : Causes, Costs, and Policies - A Literature Survey

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