Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context

This paper examines the financing of tertiary education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, comparing the affordability and accessibility of tertiary education with that in high-income countries. To measure affordability, the authors estimate edu...

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Main Authors:	Murakami, Yuki, Blom, Andreas
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE COSTS ACADEMIC YEAR ACCESS INDICATORS ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION ACCESSIBILITY ADMINISTRATIVE DATA AFFORDABILITY APPROACH TO TERTIARY EDUCATION BANK DATA BENEFICIARIES CALCULATION COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNITY COLLEGES CONSUMER CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATES COST OF EDUCATION COSTS OF EDUCATION COUNTRY STUDIES CREDIT TRANSFER CREDITS DEGREE PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT COST DIRECT COSTS DISCIPLINES DISPOSABLE INCOME DOCTORAL DEGREES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EQUITY EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION STUDENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL EQUITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL POLICY EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATIO EQUALITY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURES FEMALE STUDENTS FINANCE ACCESS FINANCES FINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL BURDEN FREE ACCESS FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION GENDER GENDER BALANCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDERS GENERAL POPULATION GLOBAL EDUCATION GRADUATION RATES GRANT PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION COSTS HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION RANKINGS HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD SAVING HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVEL INCOME-CONTINGENT INCOME-CONTINGENT LOANS INDIRECT COSTS INEQUALITY INFLATION INFORMATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKETS LACK OF INFORMATION LATIN AMERICAN LEARNING LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERATURE LIVING COST LIVING COSTS LIVING EXPENSES LOAN AMOUNT LOAN PROGRAM LOAN REPAYMENTS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME LOW-INCOME FAMILIES LOW-INCOME FAMILY LOW-INCOME STUDENTS MINISTERS OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION NEEDY STUDENTS OCCUPATIONS PAPERS POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION PRICE INDEX PRIVATE EDUCATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SUBSIDIES PUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATION PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES PUBLIC UNIVERSITY PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALIFIED STUDENTS READING REPAYMENT REPAYMENTS SALARY SAVINGS RATES SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS SCHOLARSHIPS SCHOOL LEAVING SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SEMESTERS SKILLED WORKERS STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSISTANCE STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STUDENT BODY STUDENT FINANCIAL AID STUDENT LOAN STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS STUDENT LOANS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBSIDIZATION TAX BREAK TAX BREAKS TAX CREDITS TAX DEDUCTIONS TECHNICAL COLLEGES TERTIARY EDUCATION TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCE TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCING TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEM TERTIARY LEVEL TERTIARY STUDENTS TEXTBOOKS TOTAL COST TOTAL COSTS TUITION TUITION COSTS TUITION FEES UNEQUAL ACCESS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UNIVERSITY TUITION WORKERS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9009520/accessibility-affordability-tertiary-education-brazil-colombia-mexico-peru-within-global-context http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6427

id	okr-10986-6427
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ABSOLUTE COSTS ACADEMIC YEAR ACCESS INDICATORS ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION ACCESSIBILITY ADMINISTRATIVE DATA AFFORDABILITY APPROACH TO TERTIARY EDUCATION BANK DATA BENEFICIARIES CALCULATION COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNITY COLLEGES CONSUMER CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATES COST OF EDUCATION COSTS OF EDUCATION COUNTRY STUDIES CREDIT TRANSFER CREDITS DEGREE PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT COST DIRECT COSTS DISCIPLINES DISPOSABLE INCOME DOCTORAL DEGREES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EQUITY EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION STUDENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL EQUITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL POLICY EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATIO EQUALITY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURES FEMALE STUDENTS FINANCE ACCESS FINANCES FINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL BURDEN FREE ACCESS FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION GENDER GENDER BALANCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDERS GENERAL POPULATION GLOBAL EDUCATION GRADUATION RATES GRANT PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION COSTS HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION RANKINGS HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD SAVING HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVEL INCOME-CONTINGENT INCOME-CONTINGENT LOANS INDIRECT COSTS INEQUALITY INFLATION INFORMATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKETS LACK OF INFORMATION LATIN AMERICAN LEARNING LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERATURE LIVING COST LIVING COSTS LIVING EXPENSES LOAN AMOUNT LOAN PROGRAM LOAN REPAYMENTS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME LOW-INCOME FAMILIES LOW-INCOME FAMILY LOW-INCOME STUDENTS MINISTERS OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION NEEDY STUDENTS OCCUPATIONS PAPERS POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION PRICE INDEX PRIVATE EDUCATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SUBSIDIES PUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATION PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES PUBLIC UNIVERSITY PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALIFIED STUDENTS READING REPAYMENT REPAYMENTS SALARY SAVINGS RATES SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS SCHOLARSHIPS SCHOOL LEAVING SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SEMESTERS SKILLED WORKERS STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSISTANCE STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STUDENT BODY STUDENT FINANCIAL AID STUDENT LOAN STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS STUDENT LOANS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBSIDIZATION TAX BREAK TAX BREAKS TAX CREDITS TAX DEDUCTIONS TECHNICAL COLLEGES TERTIARY EDUCATION TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCE TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCING TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEM TERTIARY LEVEL TERTIARY STUDENTS TEXTBOOKS TOTAL COST TOTAL COSTS TUITION TUITION COSTS TUITION FEES UNEQUAL ACCESS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UNIVERSITY TUITION WORKERS
spellingShingle	ABSOLUTE COSTS ACADEMIC YEAR ACCESS INDICATORS ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION ACCESSIBILITY ADMINISTRATIVE DATA AFFORDABILITY APPROACH TO TERTIARY EDUCATION BANK DATA BENEFICIARIES CALCULATION COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNITY COLLEGES CONSUMER CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATES COST OF EDUCATION COSTS OF EDUCATION COUNTRY STUDIES CREDIT TRANSFER CREDITS DEGREE PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT COST DIRECT COSTS DISCIPLINES DISPOSABLE INCOME DOCTORAL DEGREES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EQUITY EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION STUDENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL EQUITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL POLICY EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATIO EQUALITY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURES FEMALE STUDENTS FINANCE ACCESS FINANCES FINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL BURDEN FREE ACCESS FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION GENDER GENDER BALANCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDERS GENERAL POPULATION GLOBAL EDUCATION GRADUATION RATES GRANT PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION COSTS HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION RANKINGS HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD SAVING HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVEL INCOME-CONTINGENT INCOME-CONTINGENT LOANS INDIRECT COSTS INEQUALITY INFLATION INFORMATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKETS LACK OF INFORMATION LATIN AMERICAN LEARNING LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERATURE LIVING COST LIVING COSTS LIVING EXPENSES LOAN AMOUNT LOAN PROGRAM LOAN REPAYMENTS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME LOW-INCOME FAMILIES LOW-INCOME FAMILY LOW-INCOME STUDENTS MINISTERS OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION NEEDY STUDENTS OCCUPATIONS PAPERS POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION PRICE INDEX PRIVATE EDUCATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SUBSIDIES PUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATION PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES PUBLIC UNIVERSITY PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALIFIED STUDENTS READING REPAYMENT REPAYMENTS SALARY SAVINGS RATES SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS SCHOLARSHIPS SCHOOL LEAVING SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SEMESTERS SKILLED WORKERS STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSISTANCE STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STUDENT BODY STUDENT FINANCIAL AID STUDENT LOAN STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS STUDENT LOANS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBSIDIZATION TAX BREAK TAX BREAKS TAX CREDITS TAX DEDUCTIONS TECHNICAL COLLEGES TERTIARY EDUCATION TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCE TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCING TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEM TERTIARY LEVEL TERTIARY STUDENTS TEXTBOOKS TOTAL COST TOTAL COSTS TUITION TUITION COSTS TUITION FEES UNEQUAL ACCESS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UNIVERSITY TUITION WORKERS Murakami, Yuki Blom, Andreas Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context
geographic_facet	Latin America & Caribbean Brazil Colombia Mexico Peru
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4517
description	This paper examines the financing of tertiary education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, comparing the affordability and accessibility of tertiary education with that in high-income countries. To measure affordability, the authors estimate education costs, living costs, grants, and loans. Further, they compute the participation rate, attainment rate, and socio-economic equity index in education and the gender equity index as indicators of accessibility. This is the first study attempting to estimate affordability of tertiary education in Latin America within a global context. The analysis combines information from household surveys, expenditure surveys, and administrative and institutional databases. The findings show that families in Latin America have to pay 60 percent of per-capita income for tertiary education per student per year compared with 19 percent in high-income countries. Living costs are significant, at 29 percent of gross domestic product per capita in Latin America (19 percent in high-income countries). Student assistance through grants and loans plays a marginal role in improving affordability. Moreover, the paper confirms previous findings of low access to tertiary education in the region. One policy implication of the findings is that Latin American governments could take steps to make tertiary education more affordable through student assistance.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Murakami, Yuki Blom, Andreas
author_facet	Murakami, Yuki Blom, Andreas
author_sort	Murakami, Yuki
title	Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context
title_short	Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context
title_full	Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context
title_fullStr	Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context
title_full_unstemmed	Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context
title_sort	accessibility and affordability of tertiary education in brazil, colombia, mexico and peru within a global context
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9009520/accessibility-affordability-tertiary-education-brazil-colombia-mexico-peru-within-global-context http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6427
_version_	1764400357039931392
spelling	okr-10986-64272021-04-23T14:02:31Z Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context Murakami, Yuki Blom, Andreas ABSOLUTE COSTS ACADEMIC YEAR ACCESS INDICATORS ACCESS TO EDUCATION ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION ACCESS TO TERTIARY EDUCATION ACCESSIBILITY ADMINISTRATIVE DATA AFFORDABILITY APPROACH TO TERTIARY EDUCATION BANK DATA BENEFICIARIES CALCULATION COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMUNITY COLLEGES CONSUMER CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTIONS COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATES COST OF EDUCATION COSTS OF EDUCATION COUNTRY STUDIES CREDIT TRANSFER CREDITS DEGREE PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT BANK DIRECT COST DIRECT COSTS DISCIPLINES DISPOSABLE INCOME DOCTORAL DEGREES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION EDUCATION EQUITY EDUCATION INDICATORS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION REFORM EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION STUDENTS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL EQUITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS EDUCATIONAL LEVEL EDUCATIONAL POLICY EMPLOYMENT ENROLLMENT ENROLLMENT RATIO EQUALITY EXCHANGE RATE EXCHANGE RATES EXPENDITURES FEMALE STUDENTS FINANCE ACCESS FINANCES FINANCIAL AID TO STUDENTS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FINANCIAL BURDEN FREE ACCESS FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION GENDER GENDER BALANCES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDERS GENERAL POPULATION GLOBAL EDUCATION GRADUATION RATES GRANT PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION COSTS HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS HIGHER EDUCATION RANKINGS HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLD SAVING HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INCOME INCOME GROUPS INCOME LEVEL INCOME-CONTINGENT INCOME-CONTINGENT LOANS INDIRECT COSTS INEQUALITY INFLATION INFORMATION SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL BANK INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKETS LACK OF INFORMATION LATIN AMERICAN LEARNING LEVEL OF EDUCATION LITERATURE LIVING COST LIVING COSTS LIVING EXPENSES LOAN AMOUNT LOAN PROGRAM LOAN REPAYMENTS LOCAL CURRENCY LOW-INCOME LOW-INCOME FAMILIES LOW-INCOME FAMILY LOW-INCOME STUDENTS MINISTERS OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION NEEDY STUDENTS OCCUPATIONS PAPERS POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION PRICE INDEX PRIVATE EDUCATION PRODUCTIVITY PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SUBSIDIES PUBLIC TERTIARY EDUCATION PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES PUBLIC UNIVERSITY PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY QUALIFIED STUDENTS READING REPAYMENT REPAYMENTS SALARY SAVINGS RATES SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS SCHOLARSHIPS SCHOOL LEAVING SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SEMESTERS SKILLED WORKERS STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT ASSISTANCE STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STUDENT BODY STUDENT FINANCIAL AID STUDENT LOAN STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS STUDENT LOANS STUDENT PERFORMANCE STUDENT POPULATION SUBSIDIZATION TAX BREAK TAX BREAKS TAX CREDITS TAX DEDUCTIONS TECHNICAL COLLEGES TERTIARY EDUCATION TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCE TERTIARY EDUCATION FINANCING TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEM TERTIARY LEVEL TERTIARY STUDENTS TEXTBOOKS TOTAL COST TOTAL COSTS TUITION TUITION COSTS TUITION FEES UNEQUAL ACCESS UNIVERSITIES UNIVERSITY EDUCATION UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UNIVERSITY TUITION WORKERS This paper examines the financing of tertiary education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, comparing the affordability and accessibility of tertiary education with that in high-income countries. To measure affordability, the authors estimate education costs, living costs, grants, and loans. Further, they compute the participation rate, attainment rate, and socio-economic equity index in education and the gender equity index as indicators of accessibility. This is the first study attempting to estimate affordability of tertiary education in Latin America within a global context. The analysis combines information from household surveys, expenditure surveys, and administrative and institutional databases. The findings show that families in Latin America have to pay 60 percent of per-capita income for tertiary education per student per year compared with 19 percent in high-income countries. Living costs are significant, at 29 percent of gross domestic product per capita in Latin America (19 percent in high-income countries). Student assistance through grants and loans plays a marginal role in improving affordability. Moreover, the paper confirms previous findings of low access to tertiary education in the region. One policy implication of the findings is that Latin American governments could take steps to make tertiary education more affordable through student assistance. 2012-05-25T15:26:31Z 2012-05-25T15:26:31Z 2008-02 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/02/9009520/accessibility-affordability-tertiary-education-brazil-colombia-mexico-peru-within-global-context http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6427 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4517 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Latin America & Caribbean Brazil Colombia Mexico Peru

Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context

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