Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?

This paper uses data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey to understand the employment outcomes of Dalit and Muslim men in India. It uses a conceptual framework developed for the US labor market that states that ethnic minorities skir...

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Main Author:	Das, Maitreyi Bordia
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO INFORMATION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT CARPENTERS CASUAL WORKERS CLERKS CREDIT MARKETS DISABLED DISCRIMINATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCREASE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPLOITATION EXTERNALITIES FARM ENTERPRISE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FORMAL LABOR MARKET HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN BEINGS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCES LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABORERS LABOUR LABOUR MARKET LACK OF ACCESS LEVELS OF EDUCATION MARITAL STATUS MERCHANTS MINORITY MINORITY GROUPS MOTIVATION NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT NON-FARM SECTOR OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP OF LAND POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION ASSOCIATION POPULATION GROUPS PREVIOUS WORK PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROSTITUTES PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC WORKS REGULAR JOBS RELIGIOUS GROUPS RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SALARIED EMPLOYMENT SCHOLARSHIP SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF- EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SMALL BUSINESSES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOCIAL STATUS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGISTS SPOUSE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE GROWTH UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS VILLAGES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGES WORKERS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/06/9592751/minority-status-labor-market-outcomes-india-minority-enclaves http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6868

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recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-68682021-04-23T14:02:32Z Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves? Das, Maitreyi Bordia ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO INFORMATION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT CARPENTERS CASUAL WORKERS CLERKS CREDIT MARKETS DISABLED DISCRIMINATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCREASE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPLOITATION EXTERNALITIES FARM ENTERPRISE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FORMAL LABOR MARKET HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN BEINGS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCES LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABORERS LABOUR LABOUR MARKET LACK OF ACCESS LEVELS OF EDUCATION MARITAL STATUS MERCHANTS MINORITY MINORITY GROUPS MOTIVATION NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT NON-FARM SECTOR OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP OF LAND POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION ASSOCIATION POPULATION GROUPS PREVIOUS WORK PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROSTITUTES PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC WORKS REGULAR JOBS RELIGIOUS GROUPS RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SALARIED EMPLOYMENT SCHOLARSHIP SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF- EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SMALL BUSINESSES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOCIAL STATUS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGISTS SPOUSE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE GROWTH UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS VILLAGES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGES WORKERS This paper uses data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey to understand the employment outcomes of Dalit and Muslim men in India. It uses a conceptual framework developed for the US labor market that states that ethnic minorities skirt discrimination in the primary labor market to build successful self-employed ventures in the form of ethnic enclaves or ethnic labor markets. The paper uses entry into self-employment for educated minority groups as a proxy for minority enclaves. Based on multinomial logistic regression, the analysis finds that the minority enclave hypothesis does not hold for Dalits but it does overwhelmingly for Muslims. The interaction of Dalit and Muslim status with post-primary education in urban areas demonstrates that post-primary education confers almost a disadvantage for minority men: it does not seem to affect their allocation either to salaried work or to non-farm self-employment but does increase their likelihood of opting out of the labor force - and if they cannot afford to drop out, they join the casual labor market. Due to the complexity of these results and the fact that there are no earnings data for self-employment, it is difficult to say whether self-employment is a choice or compulsion and whether builders of minority enclaves fare better than those in the primary market. 2012-06-01T16:02:26Z 2012-06-01T16:02:26Z 2008-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/06/9592751/minority-status-labor-market-outcomes-india-minority-enclaves http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6868 English Policy Research Working Paper No. 4653 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research South Asia India
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO INFORMATION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT CARPENTERS CASUAL WORKERS CLERKS CREDIT MARKETS DISABLED DISCRIMINATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCREASE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPLOITATION EXTERNALITIES FARM ENTERPRISE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FORMAL LABOR MARKET HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN BEINGS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCES LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABORERS LABOUR LABOUR MARKET LACK OF ACCESS LEVELS OF EDUCATION MARITAL STATUS MERCHANTS MINORITY MINORITY GROUPS MOTIVATION NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT NON-FARM SECTOR OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP OF LAND POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION ASSOCIATION POPULATION GROUPS PREVIOUS WORK PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROSTITUTES PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC WORKS REGULAR JOBS RELIGIOUS GROUPS RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SALARIED EMPLOYMENT SCHOLARSHIP SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF- EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SMALL BUSINESSES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOCIAL STATUS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGISTS SPOUSE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE GROWTH UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS VILLAGES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGES WORKERS
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO INFORMATION AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT CARPENTERS CASUAL WORKERS CLERKS CREDIT MARKETS DISABLED DISCRIMINATION DOMESTIC WORKERS EARNINGS ECONOMICS EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION LEVELS EMPLOYEE EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT INCREASE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES EXPLOITATION EXTERNALITIES FARM ENTERPRISE FARMERS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FORMAL LABOR MARKET HIGHER EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SIZE HUMAN BEINGS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMMIGRANTS IMMIGRATION INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK JOB SECURITY JOBS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET EXPERIENCES LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABORERS LABOUR LABOUR MARKET LACK OF ACCESS LEVELS OF EDUCATION MARITAL STATUS MERCHANTS MINORITY MINORITY GROUPS MOTIVATION NON-FARM EMPLOYMENT NON-FARM SECTOR OCCUPATIONS OWNERSHIP OF LAND POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POPULATION ASSOCIATION POPULATION GROUPS PREVIOUS WORK PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS PROSTITUTES PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SECTOR JOBS PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC WORKS REGULAR JOBS RELIGIOUS GROUPS RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SALARIED EMPLOYMENT SCHOLARSHIP SECONDARY EDUCATION SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF- EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SMALL BUSINESSES SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL EXCLUSION SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL PRESSURE SOCIAL PROBLEMS SOCIAL STATUS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOCIOLOGISTS SPOUSE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE GROWTH UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS VILLAGES WAGE EMPLOYMENT WAGES WORKERS Das, Maitreyi Bordia Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?
geographic_facet	South Asia India
relation	Policy Research Working Paper No. 4653
description	This paper uses data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey to understand the employment outcomes of Dalit and Muslim men in India. It uses a conceptual framework developed for the US labor market that states that ethnic minorities skirt discrimination in the primary labor market to build successful self-employed ventures in the form of ethnic enclaves or ethnic labor markets. The paper uses entry into self-employment for educated minority groups as a proxy for minority enclaves. Based on multinomial logistic regression, the analysis finds that the minority enclave hypothesis does not hold for Dalits but it does overwhelmingly for Muslims. The interaction of Dalit and Muslim status with post-primary education in urban areas demonstrates that post-primary education confers almost a disadvantage for minority men: it does not seem to affect their allocation either to salaried work or to non-farm self-employment but does increase their likelihood of opting out of the labor force - and if they cannot afford to drop out, they join the casual labor market. Due to the complexity of these results and the fact that there are no earnings data for self-employment, it is difficult to say whether self-employment is a choice or compulsion and whether builders of minority enclaves fare better than those in the primary market.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Das, Maitreyi Bordia
author_facet	Das, Maitreyi Bordia
author_sort	Das, Maitreyi Bordia
title	Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?
title_short	Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?
title_full	Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?
title_fullStr	Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?
title_full_unstemmed	Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?
title_sort	minority status and labor market outcomes : does india have minority enclaves?
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2008/06/9592751/minority-status-labor-market-outcomes-india-minority-enclaves http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6868
_version_	1764401018551926784

Minority Status and Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves?

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