Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002

The authors address the question of state militarization under conditions of ethnic and other diversity. "Primordialist" claims about ancient hatreds, fear, and insecurity in such societies would lead one to expect that fractionalization,...

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Main Authors:	de Soysa, Indra, Neumayer, Eric
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ARMAMENTS ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMS ARMS RACE ARMS TRANSFERS CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL PEACE CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR VARIABLES CIVIL WARS COLD WAR CONFLICT COUNTRY EXPERIENCES COUNTRY SIZE DATA SET DEFENSE DEFENSE SPENDING DEMOCRACY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC CONFLICT ETHNIC DIVERSITY ETHNIC DOMINANCE ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC MAJORITY ETHNIC POLARIZATION EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXPROPRIATION GROSS NATIONAL INCOME GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH RISK HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETIES INCOME ELASTICITY INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL SECURITY INTERNATIONAL WAR LABOR FORCE LAGGED DEPENDENT LARGE POPULATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION INDEX LINGUISTIC GROUP MIDDLE EAST MILITARIZATION MILITARY BUDGETS MILITARY EQUIPMENT MILITARY EXPENDITURES MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY SPENDING MINORITY NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP NORTH AFRICA OIL EXPORTERS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZATION POLARIZATION MEASURES POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY DECISIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL CONFLICT POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY MODELS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SUPPORT POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION SHARE POPULATION SIZE POST-CONFLICT POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES PREVENTIVE ACTION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REBELLION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES REGIONAL LEVELS RELIGIOUS CONFLICT RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY RELIGIOUS FRACTIONALIZATION RELIGIOUS GROUPS RESPECT RICHER COUNTRIES SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES SPATIAL LAG TERRORIST VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/05/7558220/disarming-fears-diversity-ethnic-heterogeneity-state-militarization-1988-2002 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7092

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spelling	okr-10986-70922021-04-23T14:02:33Z Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002 de Soysa, Indra Neumayer, Eric ARMAMENTS ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMS ARMS RACE ARMS TRANSFERS CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL PEACE CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR VARIABLES CIVIL WARS COLD WAR CONFLICT COUNTRY EXPERIENCES COUNTRY SIZE DATA SET DEFENSE DEFENSE SPENDING DEMOCRACY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC CONFLICT ETHNIC DIVERSITY ETHNIC DOMINANCE ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC MAJORITY ETHNIC POLARIZATION EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXPROPRIATION GROSS NATIONAL INCOME GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH RISK HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETIES INCOME ELASTICITY INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL SECURITY INTERNATIONAL WAR LABOR FORCE LAGGED DEPENDENT LARGE POPULATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION INDEX LINGUISTIC GROUP MIDDLE EAST MILITARIZATION MILITARY BUDGETS MILITARY EQUIPMENT MILITARY EXPENDITURES MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY SPENDING MINORITY NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP NORTH AFRICA OIL EXPORTERS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZATION POLARIZATION MEASURES POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY DECISIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL CONFLICT POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY MODELS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SUPPORT POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION SHARE POPULATION SIZE POST-CONFLICT POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES PREVENTIVE ACTION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REBELLION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES REGIONAL LEVELS RELIGIOUS CONFLICT RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY RELIGIOUS FRACTIONALIZATION RELIGIOUS GROUPS RESPECT RICHER COUNTRIES SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES SPATIAL LAG TERRORIST VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT The authors address the question of state militarization under conditions of ethnic and other diversity. "Primordialist" claims about ancient hatreds, fear, and insecurity in such societies would lead one to expect that fractionalization, polarization, and ethno-nationalist exclusion would prompt governments to militarize heavily. But contrary to such expectations, the authors find that higher levels of ethnic diversity predict lower levels of militarization, whereas higher polarization and ethno-nationalist exclusion trigger neither lower nor higher levels of militarization. If fractionalization lowers the hazard of civil war, as many find, then it does not happen by way of a "garrison state" effect. The authors discuss two potential explanations for their findings, one drawing from the empirical conflict literature, the other stemming from economists' study of public goods provision under conditions of diversity. They argue that their findings are best seen as consistent with and complementary to the empirical literature on conflict onset and duration. 2012-06-05T14:25:15Z 2012-06-05T14:25:15Z 2007-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/05/7558220/disarming-fears-diversity-ethnic-heterogeneity-state-militarization-1988-2002 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7092 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4221 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ARMAMENTS ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMS ARMS RACE ARMS TRANSFERS CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL PEACE CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR VARIABLES CIVIL WARS COLD WAR CONFLICT COUNTRY EXPERIENCES COUNTRY SIZE DATA SET DEFENSE DEFENSE SPENDING DEMOCRACY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC CONFLICT ETHNIC DIVERSITY ETHNIC DOMINANCE ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC MAJORITY ETHNIC POLARIZATION EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXPROPRIATION GROSS NATIONAL INCOME GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH RISK HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETIES INCOME ELASTICITY INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL SECURITY INTERNATIONAL WAR LABOR FORCE LAGGED DEPENDENT LARGE POPULATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION INDEX LINGUISTIC GROUP MIDDLE EAST MILITARIZATION MILITARY BUDGETS MILITARY EQUIPMENT MILITARY EXPENDITURES MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY SPENDING MINORITY NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP NORTH AFRICA OIL EXPORTERS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZATION POLARIZATION MEASURES POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY DECISIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL CONFLICT POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY MODELS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SUPPORT POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION SHARE POPULATION SIZE POST-CONFLICT POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES PREVENTIVE ACTION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REBELLION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES REGIONAL LEVELS RELIGIOUS CONFLICT RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY RELIGIOUS FRACTIONALIZATION RELIGIOUS GROUPS RESPECT RICHER COUNTRIES SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES SPATIAL LAG TERRORIST VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT
spellingShingle	ARMAMENTS ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICTS ARMS ARMS RACE ARMS TRANSFERS CIVIL CONFLICT CIVIL PEACE CIVIL WAR CIVIL WAR VARIABLES CIVIL WARS COLD WAR CONFLICT COUNTRY EXPERIENCES COUNTRY SIZE DATA SET DEFENSE DEFENSE SPENDING DEMOCRACY DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISARMAMENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPIRICAL LITERATURE EMPIRICAL STUDIES ETHNIC CONFLICT ETHNIC DIVERSITY ETHNIC DOMINANCE ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUPS ETHNIC HETEROGENEITY ETHNIC MAJORITY ETHNIC POLARIZATION EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXPROPRIATION GROSS NATIONAL INCOME GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES HETEROSKEDASTICITY HIGH RISK HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETIES INCOME ELASTICITY INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL SECURITY INTERNATIONAL WAR LABOR FORCE LAGGED DEPENDENT LARGE POPULATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION INDEX LINGUISTIC GROUP MIDDLE EAST MILITARIZATION MILITARY BUDGETS MILITARY EQUIPMENT MILITARY EXPENDITURES MILITARY PERSONNEL MILITARY SPENDING MINORITY NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT NEGATIVE EFFECT NEGATIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP NORTH AFRICA OIL EXPORTERS PEACE PEACE RESEARCH PER CAPITA INCOME POLARIZATION POLARIZATION MEASURES POLARIZED SOCIETIES POLICY DECISIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL CONFLICT POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL ECONOMY MODELS POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL STABILITY POLITICAL SUPPORT POOR COUNTRIES POPULATION SHARE POPULATION SIZE POST-CONFLICT POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES PREVENTIVE ACTION PROGRESS PUBLIC GOODS PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC SPENDING PURCHASING POWER PURCHASING POWER PARITY REBELLION REGIONAL DIFFERENCES REGIONAL LEVELS RELIGIOUS CONFLICT RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY RELIGIOUS FRACTIONALIZATION RELIGIOUS GROUPS RESPECT RICHER COUNTRIES SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS SERIAL CORRELATION SIGNIFICANT EFFECT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES SPATIAL LAG TERRORIST VIOLENCE VIOLENT CONFLICT de Soysa, Indra Neumayer, Eric Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4221
description	The authors address the question of state militarization under conditions of ethnic and other diversity. "Primordialist" claims about ancient hatreds, fear, and insecurity in such societies would lead one to expect that fractionalization, polarization, and ethno-nationalist exclusion would prompt governments to militarize heavily. But contrary to such expectations, the authors find that higher levels of ethnic diversity predict lower levels of militarization, whereas higher polarization and ethno-nationalist exclusion trigger neither lower nor higher levels of militarization. If fractionalization lowers the hazard of civil war, as many find, then it does not happen by way of a "garrison state" effect. The authors discuss two potential explanations for their findings, one drawing from the empirical conflict literature, the other stemming from economists' study of public goods provision under conditions of diversity. They argue that their findings are best seen as consistent with and complementary to the empirical literature on conflict onset and duration.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	de Soysa, Indra Neumayer, Eric
author_facet	de Soysa, Indra Neumayer, Eric
author_sort	de Soysa, Indra
title	Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002
title_short	Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002
title_full	Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002
title_fullStr	Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002
title_full_unstemmed	Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002
title_sort	disarming fears of diversity : ethnic heterogeneity and state militarization, 1988-2002
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/05/7558220/disarming-fears-diversity-ethnic-heterogeneity-state-militarization-1988-2002 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7092
_version_	1764401866462986240

Disarming Fears of Diversity : Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988-2002

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