Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth

This paper reviews empirical findings from economic analyses of the role of gender equality and women's empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating growth. Going beyond the large literature documenting the impact of female education on a r...

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Main Authors:	Morrison, Andrew, Raju, Dhushyanth, Sinha, Nistha
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO MARKETS ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRARIAN REFORMS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP BARRIER TO WOMEN BARRIERS TO WOMEN BIASES BLACK WOMEN BORROWING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS CASH CROP CASH CROPS CHILD CARE CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD HEALTH CHILD SUPPORT CHILD SURVIVAL COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT CONSENSUAL UNIONS CONTROL OVER RESOURCES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS CREDIT CONSTRAINT CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT LIMIT CREDIT LIMITS CREDIT LINES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PROGRAMS CULTURAL NORMS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVERSIFICATION DIVORCE EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY ELDERLY WOMEN ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPOWERMENT EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT CROPS FAMILY INCOME FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FAMILY SIZE FAMILY WELFARE FARMER FARMERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FEWER CHILDREN FORMS OF COLLATERAL FUTURE GENERATIONS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NORMS GENDER STATUS GREEN REVOLUTION GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT GROUP LENDING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING LOAN HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON CHILDREN IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES INDIVIDUAL CHOICES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL BANK JOINT LIABILITY LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR SUPPLY LACK OF CREDIT LAND MARKET LAND OWNERSHIP LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LAWS LENDERS LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICATION LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN DENIAL LOAN ELIGIBILITY LOAN REPAYMENT LOANS TO WOMEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALE PARTICIPATION MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNAL HEALTH MEAT MICROCREDIT MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MORAL HAZARD MOTHER NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLD AGE OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND PENSION PENSIONS PESTICIDES PHYSICAL ASSETS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR WOMEN POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROVISION OF CREDIT PROVISION OF INFORMATION RECEIPT RECREATION REMITTANCES REPAYMENT RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATION RESPECT ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS SAVINGS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEX SEX RATIOS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL LOANS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS SOURCES OF CREDIT SPOUSE SPOUSES START-UP SUBSISTENCE FARMING SUPPORT TO PARENTS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYMENT UNIONS URBAN SQUATTERS URBAN WOMEN VILLAGE WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN IN LABOR WORK EXPERIENCE WORKING CAPITAL YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG GIRLS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/09/8277259/gender-equality-poverty-economic-growth http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7321

id	okr-10986-7321
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO MARKETS ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRARIAN REFORMS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP BARRIER TO WOMEN BARRIERS TO WOMEN BIASES BLACK WOMEN BORROWING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS CASH CROP CASH CROPS CHILD CARE CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD HEALTH CHILD SUPPORT CHILD SURVIVAL COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT CONSENSUAL UNIONS CONTROL OVER RESOURCES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS CREDIT CONSTRAINT CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT LIMIT CREDIT LIMITS CREDIT LINES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PROGRAMS CULTURAL NORMS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVERSIFICATION DIVORCE EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY ELDERLY WOMEN ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPOWERMENT EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT CROPS FAMILY INCOME FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FAMILY SIZE FAMILY WELFARE FARMER FARMERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FEWER CHILDREN FORMS OF COLLATERAL FUTURE GENERATIONS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NORMS GENDER STATUS GREEN REVOLUTION GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT GROUP LENDING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING LOAN HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON CHILDREN IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES INDIVIDUAL CHOICES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL BANK JOINT LIABILITY LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR SUPPLY LACK OF CREDIT LAND MARKET LAND OWNERSHIP LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LAWS LENDERS LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICATION LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN DENIAL LOAN ELIGIBILITY LOAN REPAYMENT LOANS TO WOMEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALE PARTICIPATION MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNAL HEALTH MEAT MICROCREDIT MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MORAL HAZARD MOTHER NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLD AGE OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND PENSION PENSIONS PESTICIDES PHYSICAL ASSETS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR WOMEN POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROVISION OF CREDIT PROVISION OF INFORMATION RECEIPT RECREATION REMITTANCES REPAYMENT RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATION RESPECT ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS SAVINGS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEX SEX RATIOS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL LOANS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS SOURCES OF CREDIT SPOUSE SPOUSES START-UP SUBSISTENCE FARMING SUPPORT TO PARENTS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYMENT UNIONS URBAN SQUATTERS URBAN WOMEN VILLAGE WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN IN LABOR WORK EXPERIENCE WORKING CAPITAL YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG GIRLS
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO MARKETS ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRARIAN REFORMS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP BARRIER TO WOMEN BARRIERS TO WOMEN BIASES BLACK WOMEN BORROWING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS CASH CROP CASH CROPS CHILD CARE CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD HEALTH CHILD SUPPORT CHILD SURVIVAL COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT CONSENSUAL UNIONS CONTROL OVER RESOURCES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS CREDIT CONSTRAINT CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT LIMIT CREDIT LIMITS CREDIT LINES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PROGRAMS CULTURAL NORMS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVERSIFICATION DIVORCE EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY ELDERLY WOMEN ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPOWERMENT EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT CROPS FAMILY INCOME FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FAMILY SIZE FAMILY WELFARE FARMER FARMERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FEWER CHILDREN FORMS OF COLLATERAL FUTURE GENERATIONS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NORMS GENDER STATUS GREEN REVOLUTION GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT GROUP LENDING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING LOAN HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON CHILDREN IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES INDIVIDUAL CHOICES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL BANK JOINT LIABILITY LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR SUPPLY LACK OF CREDIT LAND MARKET LAND OWNERSHIP LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LAWS LENDERS LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICATION LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN DENIAL LOAN ELIGIBILITY LOAN REPAYMENT LOANS TO WOMEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALE PARTICIPATION MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNAL HEALTH MEAT MICROCREDIT MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MORAL HAZARD MOTHER NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLD AGE OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND PENSION PENSIONS PESTICIDES PHYSICAL ASSETS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR WOMEN POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROVISION OF CREDIT PROVISION OF INFORMATION RECEIPT RECREATION REMITTANCES REPAYMENT RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATION RESPECT ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS SAVINGS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEX SEX RATIOS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL LOANS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS SOURCES OF CREDIT SPOUSE SPOUSES START-UP SUBSISTENCE FARMING SUPPORT TO PARENTS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYMENT UNIONS URBAN SQUATTERS URBAN WOMEN VILLAGE WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN IN LABOR WORK EXPERIENCE WORKING CAPITAL YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG GIRLS Morrison, Andrew Raju, Dhushyanth Sinha, Nistha Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4349
description	This paper reviews empirical findings from economic analyses of the role of gender equality and women's empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating growth. Going beyond the large literature documenting the impact of female education on a range of development outcomes, the paper presents evidence on the impact of women's access to markets (labor, land, and credit) and women's decision-making power within households on poverty reduction and productivity at the individual and household level. The paper also summarizes evidence from studies examining the relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level. Although micro level effects of gender equality on individual productivity and human development outcomes have been well documented and have important ramifications for aggregate economic performance, establishing an empirical relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level has proven to be more challenging. The paper concludes by identifying priority areas for future research.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Morrison, Andrew Raju, Dhushyanth Sinha, Nistha
author_facet	Morrison, Andrew Raju, Dhushyanth Sinha, Nistha
author_sort	Morrison, Andrew
title	Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
title_short	Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
title_full	Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
title_fullStr	Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
title_full_unstemmed	Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
title_sort	gender equality, poverty and economic growth
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/09/8277259/gender-equality-poverty-economic-growth http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7321
_version_	1764402333330964480
spelling	okr-10986-73212021-04-23T14:02:34Z Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth Morrison, Andrew Raju, Dhushyanth Sinha, Nistha ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACCESS TO MARKETS ACCESS TO RESOURCES AGRARIAN REFORMS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ASSET OWNERSHIP BARRIER TO WOMEN BARRIERS TO WOMEN BIASES BLACK WOMEN BORROWING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS CASH CROP CASH CROPS CHILD CARE CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD HEALTH CHILD SUPPORT CHILD SURVIVAL COLLATERAL COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT CONSENSUAL UNIONS CONTROL OVER RESOURCES COUNTRY OF ORIGIN CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS CREDIT CONSTRAINT CREDIT CONSTRAINTS CREDIT LIMIT CREDIT LIMITS CREDIT LINES CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CREDIT PROGRAMS CULTURAL NORMS DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DENIAL RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVERSIFICATION DIVORCE EARNINGS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH EDUCATED MEN EDUCATED MOTHERS EDUCATED WOMEN EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL LEVELS EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY ELDERLY WOMEN ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPOWERMENT EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ENDOWMENTS ENROLLMENT EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES EXPORT CROPS FAMILY INCOME FAMILY MEMBERS FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES FAMILY SIZE FAMILY WELFARE FARMER FARMERS FEMALE FEMALE BORROWERS FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY RATES FEWER CHILDREN FORMS OF COLLATERAL FUTURE GENERATIONS GENDER GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER INEQUALITIES GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER NORMS GENDER STATUS GREEN REVOLUTION GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT GROUP LENDING HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOMES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSING LOAN HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUSBAND HUSBANDS ILLITERACY ILLNESS IMPACT ON CHILDREN IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION INCIDENCE OF POVERTY INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES INDIVIDUAL CHOICES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE RIGHTS INSECURE PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL BANK JOINT LIABILITY LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR SUPPLY LACK OF CREDIT LAND MARKET LAND OWNERSHIP LAND RIGHTS LAND TENURE LAWS LENDERS LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES LOAN LOAN AMOUNTS LOAN APPLICATION LOAN APPLICATIONS LOAN DENIAL LOAN ELIGIBILITY LOAN REPAYMENT LOANS TO WOMEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES MALE PARTICIPATION MARRIED COUPLES MARRIED WOMEN MATERNAL HEALTH MEAT MICROCREDIT MIGRANT MIGRANTS MIGRATION MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL MORAL HAZARD MOTHER NATURAL RESOURCES NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OLD AGE OLD-AGE OLDER ADULTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OWNERSHIP OF LAND PENSION PENSIONS PESTICIDES PHYSICAL ASSETS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR WOMEN POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRIMARY SCHOOL PROGRESS PROPERTY RIGHTS PROVISION OF CREDIT PROVISION OF INFORMATION RECEIPT RECREATION REMITTANCES REPAYMENT RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATION RESPECT ROLE OF GENDER RURAL AREAS SAVINGS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEX SEX RATIOS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL LOANS SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NORMS SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS SOURCES OF CREDIT SPOUSE SPOUSES START-UP SUBSISTENCE FARMING SUPPORT TO PARENTS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TRANSACTION COSTS UNEMPLOYMENT UNIONS URBAN SQUATTERS URBAN WOMEN VILLAGE WIFE WILL WIVES WOMAN WOMEN IN LABOR WORK EXPERIENCE WORKING CAPITAL YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG GIRLS This paper reviews empirical findings from economic analyses of the role of gender equality and women's empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating growth. Going beyond the large literature documenting the impact of female education on a range of development outcomes, the paper presents evidence on the impact of women's access to markets (labor, land, and credit) and women's decision-making power within households on poverty reduction and productivity at the individual and household level. The paper also summarizes evidence from studies examining the relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level. Although micro level effects of gender equality on individual productivity and human development outcomes have been well documented and have important ramifications for aggregate economic performance, establishing an empirical relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level has proven to be more challenging. The paper concludes by identifying priority areas for future research. 2012-06-06T19:38:28Z 2012-06-06T19:38:28Z 2007-09 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/09/8277259/gender-equality-poverty-economic-growth http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7321 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4349 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research

Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth

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