Income Diversification in Zimbabwe : Welfare Implications from Urban and Rural Areas

The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-9...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Ersado, Lire
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ADJUSTMENT POLICIES ADULT EQUIVALENT ADVERSE EFFECTS AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL YIELDS AGRICULTURE ASSET HOLDINGS CENSUS DATA CHANGES IN POVERTY CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION LEVELS COPING STRATEGY CREDIT MARKET CREDIT MARKETS CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS DEPENDENT VARIABLE DEREGULATION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING WORLD DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMIC SHOCKS EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION EMPIRICAL MODEL EMPIRICAL RESULTS EMPIRICAL STUDIES EMPIRICAL WORK EMPLOYMENT INCOME ENDOGENOUS VARIABLE EXCHANGE RATE EXPLANATORY POWER EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPLANATORY VARIABLES EXPORTS FAMINE FARM EMPLOYMENT FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM INCOME FARM INCOMES FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS FOOD ITEMS FOOD MARKETS FOOD POLICY FOOD POVERTY FOOD POVERTY LINE FOOD PRODUCTION GDP PER CAPITA GNP GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD LEVEL DATA HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INCOME GENERATION INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME RISK INCOME SHARE INCOME SHARES INCOME SOURCE INCOME SOURCES INCREASE INCOME INEQUALITY INSURANCE LABOR LABOR MARKETS LABOUR INCOME LIQUIDITY LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES MACROECONOMIC POLICIES MACROECONOMIC POLICY MARKET MARKET FAILURES NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL SURVEYS NATURAL DISASTERS NATURAL LOGARITHM NEGATIVE EFFECT NONFARM INCOME PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PERMANENT INCOME PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS POLICY CHANGES POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY REFORM POLICY RESEARCH POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR HOUSEHOLDS POORER HOUSEHOLDS POSITIVE EFFECT POSITIVE IMPACT POVERTY REDUCTION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC PROVISION PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SPENDING REAL GDP REFORM PROGRAM REGIONAL DIFFERENCES REGRESSION RESULTS RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS REMOTE AREAS RISK MANAGEMENT RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL COUNTERPARTS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INCOME RURAL LABOR RURAL LINKAGES RURAL POOR RURAL SECTORS SAFETY NETS SAVINGS SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SIGNIFICANT IMPACT SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC COMPLEMENTARITIES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TARGETING TRADE POLICIES UNDERESTIMATES UNEMPLOYMENT URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS VEGETABLE PRODUCTION VULNERABLE GROUPS WAGE EMPLOYMENT WEALTH WELFARE IMPLICATIONS WELFARE MEASURE
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/07/6913992/income-diversification-zimbabwe-welfare-implications-urban-rural-areas http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8389