Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition
The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/04/6731315/labor-market-developments-during-economic-transition http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8710 |
| id |
okr-10986-8710 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ADJUSTMENT COSTS AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE COMPETITIVE PRESSURE DECLINING INDUSTRIES DEMAND DISABILITY DISMISSALS EARLY RETIREMENT EARNING EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS EMPLOYMENT EFFECT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FIRING FIRING COSTS FULL EMPLOYMENT HIGH EMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES HIRING HOURS OF WORK INCOME SUPPORT INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR JOB DESTRUCTION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB MATCHES JOB OPENINGS JOB SEARCH JOB SECURITY JOB SEPARATION JOBLESS WORKERS JOBS LABOR LABOR CONTRACT LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REALLOCATION LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR STATISTICS LOW EMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATE LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARKET ECONOMY MOONLIGHTING MORALE NET JOB CREATION OCCUPATIONS OLDER WORKERS OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT PERSISTENT UNEMPLOYMENT PRIMARY SOURCE PRIVATE FIRMS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PUBLIC SERVICES REDUNDANT LABOR REGULAR JOBS RISING UNEMPLOYMENT SAFETY NET SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT SELFEMPLOYMENT SERVICE SECTOR SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESS SOCIALISM STAFF STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TEMPORARY JOBS TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION ECONOMIES UNDEREMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED WORKERS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORK IN PROGRESS WORKER WORKERS WORKING WORKING HOURS |
| spellingShingle |
ADJUSTMENT COSTS AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE COMPETITIVE PRESSURE DECLINING INDUSTRIES DEMAND DISABILITY DISMISSALS EARLY RETIREMENT EARNING EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS EMPLOYMENT EFFECT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FIRING FIRING COSTS FULL EMPLOYMENT HIGH EMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES HIRING HOURS OF WORK INCOME SUPPORT INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR JOB DESTRUCTION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB MATCHES JOB OPENINGS JOB SEARCH JOB SECURITY JOB SEPARATION JOBLESS WORKERS JOBS LABOR LABOR CONTRACT LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REALLOCATION LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR STATISTICS LOW EMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATE LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARKET ECONOMY MOONLIGHTING MORALE NET JOB CREATION OCCUPATIONS OLDER WORKERS OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT PERSISTENT UNEMPLOYMENT PRIMARY SOURCE PRIVATE FIRMS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PUBLIC SERVICES REDUNDANT LABOR REGULAR JOBS RISING UNEMPLOYMENT SAFETY NET SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT SELFEMPLOYMENT SERVICE SECTOR SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESS SOCIALISM STAFF STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TEMPORARY JOBS TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION ECONOMIES UNDEREMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED WORKERS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORK IN PROGRESS WORKER WORKERS WORKING WORKING HOURS Rutkowski, Jan Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 3894 |
| description |
The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Rutkowski, Jan |
| author_facet |
Rutkowski, Jan |
| author_sort |
Rutkowski, Jan |
| title |
Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition |
| title_short |
Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition |
| title_full |
Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition |
| title_fullStr |
Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition |
| title_sort |
labor market developments during economic transition |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/04/6731315/labor-market-developments-during-economic-transition http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8710 |
| _version_ |
1764406168888803328 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-87102021-04-23T14:02:40Z Labor Market Developments During Economic Transition Rutkowski, Jan ADJUSTMENT COSTS AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT AVERAGE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE COMPETITIVE PRESSURE DECLINING INDUSTRIES DEMAND DISABILITY DISMISSALS EARLY RETIREMENT EARNING EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS EMPLOYMENT EFFECT EMPLOYMENT GROWTH EMPLOYMENT LEVEL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT RATES EMPLOYMENT SHARE EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FIRING FIRING COSTS FULL EMPLOYMENT HIGH EMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES HIRING HOURS OF WORK INCOME SUPPORT INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT INFORMAL SECTOR JOB DESTRUCTION JOB LOSS JOB LOSSES JOB MATCHES JOB OPENINGS JOB SEARCH JOB SECURITY JOB SEPARATION JOBLESS WORKERS JOBS LABOR LABOR CONTRACT LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR REALLOCATION LABOUR LABOUR FORCE LABOUR STATISTICS LOW EMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATE LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATES MARKET ECONOMY MOONLIGHTING MORALE NET JOB CREATION OCCUPATIONS OLDER WORKERS OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT PERSISTENT UNEMPLOYMENT PRIMARY SOURCE PRIVATE FIRMS PRIVATE SECTOR PRODUCT MARKET PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION PUBLIC SERVICES REDUNDANT LABOR REGULAR JOBS RISING UNEMPLOYMENT SAFETY NET SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYED ACCOUNT SELFEMPLOYMENT SERVICE SECTOR SKILLED LABOR SMALL BUSINESS SOCIALISM STAFF STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT TEMPORARY JOBS TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION ECONOMIES UNDEREMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED WORKERS UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WAGE EMPLOYMENT WORK IN PROGRESS WORKER WORKERS WORKING WORKING HOURS The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies. 2012-06-21T20:22:57Z 2012-06-21T20:22:57Z 2006-04 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/04/6731315/labor-market-developments-during-economic-transition http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8710 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 3894 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Europe and Central Asia |