How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia

The authors use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994-95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Th...

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Main Authors:	Quisumbing, Agnes R., Yohannes, Yisehac
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AID BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER CAPITAL INVESTMENT CHECKLIST CHILD HEALTH CHILD NUTRITION COMMON PROPERTY COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT FAMILIES FARMS FIXED COSTS FOOD FOR WORK FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD SECURITY FOURTH GENDER GENDER GAP GIRLS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INSURANCE INTERVENTION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAWS LEISURE LUMP SUM TRANSFERS MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OIL POOR WOMEN PUBLIC GOODS QUOTAS RISK SHARING SAFETY SAFETY NET SOCIAL SERVICES TRANSACTION COSTS UNDP WAGE RATES WAGES WEIGHT WFP WHO WORKERS WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/5606866/fair-workfare-gender-public-works-employment-rural-ethiopia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8926

id	okr-10986-8926
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-89262021-04-23T14:02:42Z How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia Quisumbing, Agnes R. Yohannes, Yisehac AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AID BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER CAPITAL INVESTMENT CHECKLIST CHILD HEALTH CHILD NUTRITION COMMON PROPERTY COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT FAMILIES FARMS FIXED COSTS FOOD FOR WORK FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD SECURITY FOURTH GENDER GENDER GAP GIRLS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INSURANCE INTERVENTION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAWS LEISURE LUMP SUM TRANSFERS MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OIL POOR WOMEN PUBLIC GOODS QUOTAS RISK SHARING SAFETY SAFETY NET SOCIAL SERVICES TRANSACTION COSTS UNDP WAGE RATES WAGES WEIGHT WFP WHO WORKERS WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME The authors use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994-95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Then they analyze public works data collected in 1997, together with program data collected in 2003. FFW operates in a similar fashion with other labor markets in Ethiopia where female participation is low. Gender differences are important in the participation decision, but operate differently in different types of labor markets. Better-educated women are more likely to participate in the wage labor market, while higher livestock holdings diminish participation more for women. Females with more schooling are also more likely to participate in FFW. Men s and women s participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women s participation relative to men s. 2012-06-25T15:20:23Z 2012-06-25T15:20:23Z 2005-01 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/5606866/fair-workfare-gender-public-works-employment-rural-ethiopia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8926 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 3492 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Africa Ethiopia
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AID BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER CAPITAL INVESTMENT CHECKLIST CHILD HEALTH CHILD NUTRITION COMMON PROPERTY COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT FAMILIES FARMS FIXED COSTS FOOD FOR WORK FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD SECURITY FOURTH GENDER GENDER GAP GIRLS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INSURANCE INTERVENTION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAWS LEISURE LUMP SUM TRANSFERS MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OIL POOR WOMEN PUBLIC GOODS QUOTAS RISK SHARING SAFETY SAFETY NET SOCIAL SERVICES TRANSACTION COSTS UNDP WAGE RATES WAGES WEIGHT WFP WHO WORKERS WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME
spellingShingle	AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AID BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER CAPITAL INVESTMENT CHECKLIST CHILD HEALTH CHILD NUTRITION COMMON PROPERTY COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT FAMILIES FARMS FIXED COSTS FOOD FOR WORK FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD SECURITY FOURTH GENDER GENDER GAP GIRLS HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME INSURANCE INTERVENTION LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR SUPPLY LAWS LEISURE LUMP SUM TRANSFERS MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL STATUS OIL POOR WOMEN PUBLIC GOODS QUOTAS RISK SHARING SAFETY SAFETY NET SOCIAL SERVICES TRANSACTION COSTS UNDP WAGE RATES WAGES WEIGHT WFP WHO WORKERS WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME Quisumbing, Agnes R. Yohannes, Yisehac How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia
geographic_facet	Africa Ethiopia
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 3492
description	The authors use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994-95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Then they analyze public works data collected in 1997, together with program data collected in 2003. FFW operates in a similar fashion with other labor markets in Ethiopia where female participation is low. Gender differences are important in the participation decision, but operate differently in different types of labor markets. Better-educated women are more likely to participate in the wage labor market, while higher livestock holdings diminish participation more for women. Females with more schooling are also more likely to participate in FFW. Men s and women s participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women s participation relative to men s.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Quisumbing, Agnes R. Yohannes, Yisehac
author_facet	Quisumbing, Agnes R. Yohannes, Yisehac
author_sort	Quisumbing, Agnes R.
title	How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia
title_short	How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia
title_full	How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia
title_fullStr	How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia
title_full_unstemmed	How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia
title_sort	how fair is workfare? gender, public works, and employment in rural ethiopia
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/01/5606866/fair-workfare-gender-public-works-employment-rural-ethiopia http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8926
_version_	1764407138889760768

How Fair is Workfare? Gender, Public Works, and Employment in Rural Ethiopia

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