Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey

Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalizati...

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Main Author:	Hoekman, Bernard
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ABSENCE OF COMPETITION ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVERSE EFFECTS AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT ALTERNATIVE MODES ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TARIFF BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING BUSINESS SERVICES CARRIERS CARTEL CHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICES COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMMERCIAL SERVICES COMMUNICATION COSTS COMMUNICATION SERVICES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITION FRAMEWORK COMPETITION LAW COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT COMPETITIVENESS COMPETITIVENESS OF FIRMS CONGESTION CONSUMER PROTECTION CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION ABROAD CROSS BORDER TRADE CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY CROSS-BORDER TRADE CROSSING CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC COMPETITION DOMESTIC CONSUMERS DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC PROVIDERS DOMESTIC REGULATIONS EFFECTIVE MARKET ACCESS ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND EXPORT MARKET EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORTERS EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FATS FINAL GOODS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN AFFILIATES FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SERVICES FOREIGN COMPETITORS FOREIGN ENTRY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRM FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN PROVIDERS FREE TRADE GATS GDP GLOBAL TRADE GLOBAL WELFARE GOVERNMENT REGULATION GRAVITY MODEL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES IMPORTING COUNTRY INCOME ELASTICITIES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN GOODS LIBERALIZING TRADE LONG-DISTANCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET FAILURE MARKET SHARE MARKET SIZE MARKET STRUCTURE MFN MODES OF SUPPLY MONOPOLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL RULES NASH EQUILIBRIUM NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL WELFARE NETWORK EXTERNALITIES OPEN ECONOMIES OUTSOURCING PATTERN OF TRADE PATTERNS OF TRADE PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRUDENTIAL SUPERVISION RATES OF PROTECTION REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY REGIMES SERVICE ACTIVITIES SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICE TRANSACTIONS SERVICES SERVICES ACTIVITIES SERVICES CONTEXT SERVICES INDUSTRIES SERVICES INDUSTRY SERVICES INPUTS SERVICES LIBERALIZATION SERVICES SECTOR SERVICES TRADE SERVICES TRANSACTIONS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF DATA TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REVENUE TAX TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOWS TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE SERVICES TRADE THEORY TRADE VOLUMES TRANSACTIONS COSTS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF IMPORTS VARIABLE COSTS WAGES WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WORLD TRADE WTO
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/10/7114867/liberalizing-trade-services-survey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9004

id	okr-10986-9004
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ABSENCE OF COMPETITION ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVERSE EFFECTS AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT ALTERNATIVE MODES ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TARIFF BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING BUSINESS SERVICES CARRIERS CARTEL CHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICES COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMMERCIAL SERVICES COMMUNICATION COSTS COMMUNICATION SERVICES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITION FRAMEWORK COMPETITION LAW COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT COMPETITIVENESS COMPETITIVENESS OF FIRMS CONGESTION CONSUMER PROTECTION CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION ABROAD CROSS BORDER TRADE CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY CROSS-BORDER TRADE CROSSING CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC COMPETITION DOMESTIC CONSUMERS DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC PROVIDERS DOMESTIC REGULATIONS EFFECTIVE MARKET ACCESS ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND EXPORT MARKET EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORTERS EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FATS FINAL GOODS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN AFFILIATES FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SERVICES FOREIGN COMPETITORS FOREIGN ENTRY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRM FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN PROVIDERS FREE TRADE GATS GDP GLOBAL TRADE GLOBAL WELFARE GOVERNMENT REGULATION GRAVITY MODEL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES IMPORTING COUNTRY INCOME ELASTICITIES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN GOODS LIBERALIZING TRADE LONG-DISTANCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET FAILURE MARKET SHARE MARKET SIZE MARKET STRUCTURE MFN MODES OF SUPPLY MONOPOLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL RULES NASH EQUILIBRIUM NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL WELFARE NETWORK EXTERNALITIES OPEN ECONOMIES OUTSOURCING PATTERN OF TRADE PATTERNS OF TRADE PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRUDENTIAL SUPERVISION RATES OF PROTECTION REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY REGIMES SERVICE ACTIVITIES SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICE TRANSACTIONS SERVICES SERVICES ACTIVITIES SERVICES CONTEXT SERVICES INDUSTRIES SERVICES INDUSTRY SERVICES INPUTS SERVICES LIBERALIZATION SERVICES SECTOR SERVICES TRADE SERVICES TRANSACTIONS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF DATA TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REVENUE TAX TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOWS TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE SERVICES TRADE THEORY TRADE VOLUMES TRANSACTIONS COSTS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF IMPORTS VARIABLE COSTS WAGES WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WORLD TRADE WTO
spellingShingle	ABSENCE OF COMPETITION ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVERSE EFFECTS AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT ALTERNATIVE MODES ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TARIFF BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING BUSINESS SERVICES CARRIERS CARTEL CHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICES COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMMERCIAL SERVICES COMMUNICATION COSTS COMMUNICATION SERVICES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITION FRAMEWORK COMPETITION LAW COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT COMPETITIVENESS COMPETITIVENESS OF FIRMS CONGESTION CONSUMER PROTECTION CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION ABROAD CROSS BORDER TRADE CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY CROSS-BORDER TRADE CROSSING CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC COMPETITION DOMESTIC CONSUMERS DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC PROVIDERS DOMESTIC REGULATIONS EFFECTIVE MARKET ACCESS ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND EXPORT MARKET EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORTERS EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FATS FINAL GOODS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN AFFILIATES FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SERVICES FOREIGN COMPETITORS FOREIGN ENTRY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRM FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN PROVIDERS FREE TRADE GATS GDP GLOBAL TRADE GLOBAL WELFARE GOVERNMENT REGULATION GRAVITY MODEL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES IMPORTING COUNTRY INCOME ELASTICITIES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN GOODS LIBERALIZING TRADE LONG-DISTANCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET FAILURE MARKET SHARE MARKET SIZE MARKET STRUCTURE MFN MODES OF SUPPLY MONOPOLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL RULES NASH EQUILIBRIUM NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL WELFARE NETWORK EXTERNALITIES OPEN ECONOMIES OUTSOURCING PATTERN OF TRADE PATTERNS OF TRADE PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRUDENTIAL SUPERVISION RATES OF PROTECTION REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY REGIMES SERVICE ACTIVITIES SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICE TRANSACTIONS SERVICES SERVICES ACTIVITIES SERVICES CONTEXT SERVICES INDUSTRIES SERVICES INDUSTRY SERVICES INPUTS SERVICES LIBERALIZATION SERVICES SECTOR SERVICES TRADE SERVICES TRANSACTIONS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF DATA TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REVENUE TAX TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOWS TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE SERVICES TRADE THEORY TRADE VOLUMES TRANSACTIONS COSTS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF IMPORTS VARIABLE COSTS WAGES WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WORLD TRADE WTO Hoekman, Bernard Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey
relation	Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4030
description	Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Hoekman, Bernard
author_facet	Hoekman, Bernard
author_sort	Hoekman, Bernard
title	Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey
title_short	Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey
title_full	Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey
title_fullStr	Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey
title_full_unstemmed	Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey
title_sort	liberalizing trade in services : a survey
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2012
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/10/7114867/liberalizing-trade-services-survey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9004
_version_	1764406466635104256
spelling	okr-10986-90042021-04-23T14:02:41Z Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey Hoekman, Bernard ABSENCE OF COMPETITION ABSOLUTE VALUE ADVERSE EFFECTS AGREEMENT ON TRADE AGRICULTURE AIR AIR TRANSPORT ALTERNATIVE MODES ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE OF PAYMENTS BARRIERS TO ENTRY BILATERAL TARIFF BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING BUSINESS SERVICES CARRIERS CARTEL CHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICES COMMERCIAL PRESENCE COMMERCIAL SERVICES COMMUNICATION COSTS COMMUNICATION SERVICES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITION FRAMEWORK COMPETITION LAW COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT COMPETITIVENESS COMPETITIVENESS OF FIRMS CONGESTION CONSUMER PROTECTION CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION ABROAD CROSS BORDER TRADE CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY CROSS-BORDER TRADE CROSSING CUSTOMS CLEARANCE DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE DISTRIBUTION SERVICES DOMESTIC COMPETITION DOMESTIC CONSUMERS DOMESTIC FIRMS DOMESTIC PROVIDERS DOMESTIC REGULATIONS EFFECTIVE MARKET ACCESS ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND EXPORT MARKET EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORTERS EXPORTS FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FATS FINAL GOODS FIXED COSTS FOREIGN AFFILIATES FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SERVICES FOREIGN COMPETITORS FOREIGN ENTRY FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN FIRM FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN MARKET FOREIGN MARKETS FOREIGN PROVIDERS FREE TRADE GATS GDP GLOBAL TRADE GLOBAL WELFARE GOVERNMENT REGULATION GRAVITY MODEL IMPERFECT COMPETITION IMPORT TARIFFS IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES IMPORTING COUNTRY INCOME ELASTICITIES INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INDUSTRY TRADE INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES INTERMEDIATE INPUTS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN GOODS LIBERALIZING TRADE LONG-DISTANCE MARKET ACCESS MARKET FAILURE MARKET SHARE MARKET SIZE MARKET STRUCTURE MFN MODES OF SUPPLY MONOPOLY MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS MULTILATERAL RULES NASH EQUILIBRIUM NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL WELFARE NETWORK EXTERNALITIES OPEN ECONOMIES OUTSOURCING PATTERN OF TRADE PATTERNS OF TRADE PER CAPITA INCOMES PERFECT COMPETITION POLITICAL ECONOMY POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PRUDENTIAL SUPERVISION RATES OF PROTECTION REGIONAL INTEGRATION REGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTS REGIONAL TRADE REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS REGULATORY REGIMES SERVICE ACTIVITIES SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SERVICE SUPPLIERS SERVICE TRANSACTIONS SERVICES SERVICES ACTIVITIES SERVICES CONTEXT SERVICES INDUSTRIES SERVICES INDUSTRY SERVICES INPUTS SERVICES LIBERALIZATION SERVICES SECTOR SERVICES TRADE SERVICES TRANSACTIONS SPECIALIZATION TARIFF DATA TARIFF PREFERENCES TARIFF REDUCTION TARIFF REDUCTIONS TARIFF REVENUE TAX TELECOM SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMS TERMS OF TRADE TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRADE BARRIERS TRADE COSTS TRADE FACILITATION TRADE FLOWS TRADE IN SERVICES TRADE PATTERNS TRADE POLICIES TRADE POLICY TRADE SERVICES TRADE THEORY TRADE VOLUMES TRANSACTIONS COSTS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT SERVICES TRANSPORTATION TRUE URUGUAY ROUND VALUE OF IMPORTS VARIABLE COSTS WAGES WELFARE GAINS WELFARE IMPACTS WORLD TRADE WTO Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives. 2012-06-26T14:06:26Z 2012-06-26T14:06:26Z 2006-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/10/7114867/liberalizing-trade-services-survey http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9004 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4030 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research

Liberalizing Trade in Services : A Survey

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