Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector?
Bank credit to Egypt's private sector decreased over the last decade, despite a recapitalized banking system and high rates of economic growth. Recent macro-economic turmoil has reinforced the trend. This paper explains the decrease based on c...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/06/16390713/dont-banks-lend-egypts-private-sector http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9308 |
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okr-10986-9308 |
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| recordtype |
oai_dc |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCOUNTING ADVERSE SELECTION AGGREGATE DEMAND ALTERNATIVE FUNDING ALTERNATIVE USE ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE SHEET BANK CREDIT BANK DEPOSIT BANK DEPOSITS BANK LENDING BANK POLICY BANKING CRISIS BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BANKS BENCHMARK BENCHMARKING BENCHMARKS CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOW CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITAL OUTFLOW CASH HOLDINGS CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANK OF EGYPT COMMERCIAL LOAN CONSUMER PRICE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT EXPANSION CREDIT GROWTH CREDIT MARKET CREDIT RATIONING CURRENCY ASSETS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS DEMAND CURVES DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMAND FUNCTION DEMAND FUNCTIONS DEMAND GROWTH DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISEQUILIBRIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM MODEL DISEQUILIBRIUM MODELS DOMESTIC CURRENCY ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC EXPANSION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ELASTICITY ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM CREDIT RATIONING ERROR TERM EXCESS DEMAND EXCESS SUPPLY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPECTED RETURN EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FAIR FINANCIAL CRISIS FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN CURRENCY ASSETS FOREIGN LIABILITIES GDP GLOBAL CAPITAL GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RESERVES LEVY LIQUIDITY LOAN LOAN MARKET LOANABLE FUNDS LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MARKET CAPITALIZATION MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONETARY POLICY MONETARY TRANSMISSION MORAL HAZARD OPTIMIZATION PRICE ADJUSTMENT PRICE RIGIDITY PRIVATE CREDIT PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT PUBLIC BANKS PUBLIC FINANCE RECAPITALIZATION SLOWDOWN STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET INDEX SUBSTITUTE SUPPLY EQUATION SUPPLY EQUATIONS SUPPLY FUNCTION SUPPLY FUNCTIONS SUPPLY OF CREDIT SUPPLY SCHEDULES SUPPLY SIDE T-BILL T-BILL RATE T-BILL RATES TOTAL CREDIT TOTAL DEPOSITS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM TROUGH |
| spellingShingle |
ACCOUNTING ADVERSE SELECTION AGGREGATE DEMAND ALTERNATIVE FUNDING ALTERNATIVE USE ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE SHEET BANK CREDIT BANK DEPOSIT BANK DEPOSITS BANK LENDING BANK POLICY BANKING CRISIS BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BANKS BENCHMARK BENCHMARKING BENCHMARKS CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOW CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITAL OUTFLOW CASH HOLDINGS CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANK OF EGYPT COMMERCIAL LOAN CONSUMER PRICE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT EXPANSION CREDIT GROWTH CREDIT MARKET CREDIT RATIONING CURRENCY ASSETS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS DEMAND CURVES DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMAND FUNCTION DEMAND FUNCTIONS DEMAND GROWTH DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISEQUILIBRIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM MODEL DISEQUILIBRIUM MODELS DOMESTIC CURRENCY ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC EXPANSION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ELASTICITY ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM CREDIT RATIONING ERROR TERM EXCESS DEMAND EXCESS SUPPLY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPECTED RETURN EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FAIR FINANCIAL CRISIS FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN CURRENCY ASSETS FOREIGN LIABILITIES GDP GLOBAL CAPITAL GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RESERVES LEVY LIQUIDITY LOAN LOAN MARKET LOANABLE FUNDS LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MARKET CAPITALIZATION MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONETARY POLICY MONETARY TRANSMISSION MORAL HAZARD OPTIMIZATION PRICE ADJUSTMENT PRICE RIGIDITY PRIVATE CREDIT PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT PUBLIC BANKS PUBLIC FINANCE RECAPITALIZATION SLOWDOWN STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET INDEX SUBSTITUTE SUPPLY EQUATION SUPPLY EQUATIONS SUPPLY FUNCTION SUPPLY FUNCTIONS SUPPLY OF CREDIT SUPPLY SCHEDULES SUPPLY SIDE T-BILL T-BILL RATE T-BILL RATES TOTAL CREDIT TOTAL DEPOSITS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM TROUGH Herrera, Santiago Hurlin, Christophe Zaki, Chahir Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? |
| geographic_facet |
Middle East and North Africa North Africa Egypt, Arab Republic of |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6094 |
| description |
Bank credit to Egypt's private
sector decreased over the last decade, despite a
recapitalized banking system and high rates of economic
growth. Recent macro-economic turmoil has reinforced the
trend. This paper explains the decrease based on credit
supply and demand considerations by 1) presenting stylized
facts regarding the evolution of the banks' sources and
fund use in 2005 to 2011, noting two different cycles of
external capital flows, and 2) estimating private credit
supply and demand equations using quarterly data from 1998
to 2011. The system of simultaneous equations is estimated
both assuming continuous market clearing and allowing for
transitory price rigidity entailing market disequilibrium.
The main results are robust to the market clearing
assumption. During the global financial crisis, a
significant capital outflow stalled bank deposit growth,
which in turn affected the private sector's credit
supply. At the same time, the banking sector increased
credit to the government. Both factors reduced the private
sector's credit supply during the period under study.
After the trough of the global crisis, capital flowed back
into Egypt and deposit growth stopped being a drag on the
supply side, but bank credit to the government continued to
drive the decrease in the private sector's credit
supply. Beginning in the final quarter of 2010, capital
flows reversed in tandem with global capital markets, and in
January 2011 the popular uprising that ousted President
Hosni Mubarak added an Egypt-specific shock that accentuated
the outflow. Lending capacity dragged again, accounting for
10 percent of the estimated fall in private credit. Credit
to the government continued to drain resources, accounting
for 70 - 80 percent of the estimated total decline. Reduced
economic activity contributed around 15 percent of the total
fall in credit. The relative importance of these factors
contrasts with that of the preceding capital inflow period,
when credit to the government accounted for 54 percent of
the estimated fall, while demand factors accounted for a
similar percentage. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Herrera, Santiago Hurlin, Christophe Zaki, Chahir |
| author_facet |
Herrera, Santiago Hurlin, Christophe Zaki, Chahir |
| author_sort |
Herrera, Santiago |
| title |
Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? |
| title_short |
Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? |
| title_full |
Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? |
| title_fullStr |
Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? |
| title_sort |
why don’t banks lend to egypt’s private sector? |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/06/16390713/dont-banks-lend-egypts-private-sector http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9308 |
| _version_ |
1764409121599127552 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-93082021-04-23T14:02:45Z Why Don’t Banks Lend to Egypt’s Private Sector? Herrera, Santiago Hurlin, Christophe Zaki, Chahir ACCOUNTING ADVERSE SELECTION AGGREGATE DEMAND ALTERNATIVE FUNDING ALTERNATIVE USE ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION BALANCE SHEET BANK CREDIT BANK DEPOSIT BANK DEPOSITS BANK LENDING BANK POLICY BANKING CRISIS BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BANKS BENCHMARK BENCHMARKING BENCHMARKS CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INFLOW CAPITAL MARKETS CAPITAL OUTFLOW CASH HOLDINGS CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANK OF EGYPT COMMERCIAL LOAN CONSUMER PRICE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX CREDIT EXPANSION CREDIT GROWTH CREDIT MARKET CREDIT RATIONING CURRENCY ASSETS CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS DEMAND CURVES DEMAND FOR CREDIT DEMAND FUNCTION DEMAND FUNCTIONS DEMAND GROWTH DEPENDENT VARIABLE DERIVATIVES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISEQUILIBRIUM DISEQUILIBRIUM MODEL DISEQUILIBRIUM MODELS DOMESTIC CURRENCY ECONOMETRICS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC EXPANSION ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY ELASTICITY ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES EQUATIONS EQUILIBRIUM CREDIT RATIONING ERROR TERM EXCESS DEMAND EXCESS SUPPLY EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXPECTED RETURN EXPLANATORY VARIABLE EXPLANATORY VARIABLES FAIR FINANCIAL CRISIS FOREIGN ASSETS FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN CURRENCY ASSETS FOREIGN LIABILITIES GDP GLOBAL CAPITAL GLOBAL CAPITAL MARKETS GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS GROWTH RATE GROWTH RATES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL RESERVES LEVY LIQUIDITY LOAN LOAN MARKET LOANABLE FUNDS LOCAL CURRENCY MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT MARKET CAPITALIZATION MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES MONETARY POLICY MONETARY TRANSMISSION MORAL HAZARD OPTIMIZATION PRICE ADJUSTMENT PRICE RIGIDITY PRIVATE CREDIT PRIVATE SECTOR CREDIT PUBLIC BANKS PUBLIC FINANCE RECAPITALIZATION SLOWDOWN STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET INDEX SUBSTITUTE SUPPLY EQUATION SUPPLY EQUATIONS SUPPLY FUNCTION SUPPLY FUNCTIONS SUPPLY OF CREDIT SUPPLY SCHEDULES SUPPLY SIDE T-BILL T-BILL RATE T-BILL RATES TOTAL CREDIT TOTAL DEPOSITS TRANSMISSION MECHANISM TROUGH Bank credit to Egypt's private sector decreased over the last decade, despite a recapitalized banking system and high rates of economic growth. Recent macro-economic turmoil has reinforced the trend. This paper explains the decrease based on credit supply and demand considerations by 1) presenting stylized facts regarding the evolution of the banks' sources and fund use in 2005 to 2011, noting two different cycles of external capital flows, and 2) estimating private credit supply and demand equations using quarterly data from 1998 to 2011. The system of simultaneous equations is estimated both assuming continuous market clearing and allowing for transitory price rigidity entailing market disequilibrium. The main results are robust to the market clearing assumption. During the global financial crisis, a significant capital outflow stalled bank deposit growth, which in turn affected the private sector's credit supply. At the same time, the banking sector increased credit to the government. Both factors reduced the private sector's credit supply during the period under study. After the trough of the global crisis, capital flowed back into Egypt and deposit growth stopped being a drag on the supply side, but bank credit to the government continued to drive the decrease in the private sector's credit supply. Beginning in the final quarter of 2010, capital flows reversed in tandem with global capital markets, and in January 2011 the popular uprising that ousted President Hosni Mubarak added an Egypt-specific shock that accentuated the outflow. Lending capacity dragged again, accounting for 10 percent of the estimated fall in private credit. Credit to the government continued to drain resources, accounting for 70 - 80 percent of the estimated total decline. Reduced economic activity contributed around 15 percent of the total fall in credit. The relative importance of these factors contrasts with that of the preceding capital inflow period, when credit to the government accounted for 54 percent of the estimated fall, while demand factors accounted for a similar percentage. 2012-06-29T18:41:56Z 2012-06-29T18:41:56Z 2012-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/06/16390713/dont-banks-lend-egypts-private-sector http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9308 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6094 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Middle East and North Africa North Africa Egypt, Arab Republic of |