Gender and Rural Non-farm Entrepreneurship

Despite their increasing prominence in policy debates, little is known about gender inequities in non-agricultural labor market outcomes in rural areas. Using matched household-enterprise-community data sets from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, this paper documents and analyzes gender...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Rijkers, Bob, Costa, Rita
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO CAPITAL ACCESS TO CREDIT ACCESS TO FINANCE ADOLESCENT FERTILITY ADULT LITERACY ADULT WOMEN ADVISORY SERVICES AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURE AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY BUSINESS ACTIVITIES BUSINESS CREDIT MARKET BUSINESS ECONOMICS BUSINESS ORGANIZATION CAPITAL ACCOUNT CAPITAL STOCK CARTEL COMMERCIAL BANK COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY SURVEYS CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE CREDIT INSTITUTION CREDIT PROVIDERS CULTURAL CHANGE CULTURAL NORMS DECISION MAKING DESCRIPTION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION DISTRICTS DIVERSIFICATION EARNINGS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATED MEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EFFECTS OF GENDER ELDERLY EMPLOYEE EMPLOYER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENDOWMENTS ENGEL CURVES ENTREPRENEURS EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY FARM FARM ENTERPRISE FARM ENTERPRISES FARMER FEDERAL RESERVE FEMALE FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LIFE EXPECTANCY FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION FOOD SECURITY GDP GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER ASYMMETRIES GENDER DIFFERENCE GENDER DIFFERENCES GENDER DIMENSIONS GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DISPARITIES GENDER EQUALITY GENDER EQUITY GENDER GAPS GENDER IMPACT GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER INEQUITIES GENDER NORMS GENDER PARITY GENDER RELATIONS GENDER SEGREGATION GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GROUP OF FIRMS HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD HEALTH SERVICES HOTELS HOUSEHOLD CHORES HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLDS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES HUSBANDS INCREASING RETURNS INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE INFORMATION ON ENTERPRISE INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE JOB CREATION LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR FORCE SURVEYS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR SUPPLY LABOUR OFFICE LAND RIGHTS LEASING LEVELS OF EDUCATION LIFE EXPECTANCY MACROECONOMICS MARITAL STATUS MARRIED COUPLES MATERNAL MORTALITY MICROFINANCE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS NUMBER OF CHILDREN NUMBER OF PEOPLE NUMBER OF WORKERS NUTRITION OBSTACLES TO GROWTH OCCUPATION OLD AGE OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OPPORTUNITY COST PHYSICAL CAPITAL PHYSICAL INTEGRITY POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION DENSITY PRODUCTION FUNCTION PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PROFITABILITY PROGRESS PROPORTION OF WOMEN REAL ESTATE RENTING RESOURCE ALLOCATION RURAL AREA RURAL AREAS RURAL BANK RURAL BUSINESS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ECONOMY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION RURAL POVERTY SELF EMPLOYMENT SELF-EMPLOYMENT SHOPS SMALL BUSINESS SMALL BUSINESS CREDIT SMALL BUSINESS LOAN SMALL ENTERPRISES SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL SECURITY SOCIAL SERVICES SON PREFERENCE SOURCE OF INCOME SPOUSE TAXATION TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRANSPORTATION UNDP URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATION URBAN POVERTY URBANIZATION VALUE ADDED VILLAGE VILLAGE LEVEL WAGE RATES WAGES WATER SUPPLY WDR WEALTH WIDOWS WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16259998/gender-rural-non-farm-entrepreneurship http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9353

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Summary:	Despite their increasing prominence in policy debates, little is known about gender inequities in non-agricultural labor market outcomes in rural areas. Using matched household-enterprise-community data sets from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, this paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the individual portfolio choice and productivity of non-farm entrepreneurship. Except for Ethiopia, women are less likely than men to become nonfarm entrepreneurs. Women's nonfarm entrepreneurship isn't strongly correlated with household composition or educational attainment, but is especially prevalent amongst women who are the head of their household. Female-led firms are much smaller and less productive on average, though gender differences in productivity vary dramatically across countries. Mean differences in log output per worker suggest that male firms are roughly 10 times as productive as female firms in Bangladesh, three times as those in Ethiopia and twice as those in Sri Lanka. By contrast, no significant differences in labor productivity were detected in Indonesia. Differences in output per worker are overwhelmingly accounted for by sorting by sector and size. They can't be explained by differences in capital intensity, human capital or the local investment climate, nor by increasing returns to scale.

Gender and Rural Non-farm Entrepreneurship

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