The Poverty and Welfare Impacts of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the Adaptation Strategies
The continued decline in global poverty over the past 100 years particularly in the past three decades is a remarkable achievement. In 1981, 52 percent of the world population lived on less than $1.25 a day. By 2005, that rate had been cut in half,...
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| Language: | English |
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Washington, DC: World Bank
2012
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/16546569/poverty-welfare-impacts-climate-change-quantifying-effects-identifying-adaptation-strategies http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9384 |
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okr-10986-9384 |
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oai_dc |
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Digital Repository |
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Foreign Institution |
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Digital Repositories |
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World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
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World Bank |
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English |
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ABATEMENT POLICIES ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL INCOMES AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ALTITUDE ARID CLIMATES CALCULATION CAPS CARBON ENERGY CASH TRANSFERS CHANGES IN POVERTY CHILD MORTALITY CLIMATE CLIMATE ACTION CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGES CLIMATE CONDITIONS CLIMATE DAMAGE CLIMATE DAMAGES CLIMATE EQUILIBRIUM CLIMATE EXTREMES CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS CLIMATE PROJECTIONS CLIMATE VARIABILITY CLIMATE-CHANGE CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE-CHANGE SCENARIO CLIMATE-CHANGE SCENARIOS CLIMATE-RELATED RISKS CLIMATES CLIMATIC SHOCKS CLIMATIC VARIABILITY CLIMATIC VARIATION CLIMATOLOGISTS CO2 COLORS CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION IMPACTS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS COOLER TEMPERATURES COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE COUNTERFACTUAL CREDIT PROGRAMS DAMAGES DEGREE DAYS DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC WELFARE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ECOSYSTEM EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EMISSION EMISSION ABATEMENT EMISSION CONTROL EMISSIONS EMISSIONS CONTROL EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PATH EMISSIONS SCENARIOS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXTREME CLIMATE EVENTS EXTREME DRY EXTREME EVENTS EXTREME HEAT EXTREME HEAT EVENTS EXTREME POVERTY EXTREME PRECIPITATION EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS EXTREME WEATHER EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE FARMERS FINANCIAL SECTOR FLOODS FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMERS FOOD EXPENDITURES FOOD POLICY FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOSSIL FUEL FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL GHG GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURE GLOBAL POVERTY GLOBAL WARMING GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL ICE CAPS IMPACT OF CLIMATE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON POVERTY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS OF TEMPERATURE IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME RISK INCOME SHOCK INEQUALITY INSURANCE INSURANCE MARKETS INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE IPCC IRRIGATION JOBS LAND DISTRIBUTION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND VALUE LOW RAINFALL LOW-CARBON MARKET FAILURES METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION MONETARY FUND NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL POVERTY NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY SCENARIOS POOR POOR COUNTRIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR REGIONS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS POVERTY THRESHOLD PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES PRICE EFFECT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION PUBLIC WORKS RAIN RAINFALL RELATIVE PRICE RESOURCE ECONOMICS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK SHARING RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DISTRICTS RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL POOR RURAL POOR PEOPLE RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL WAGES SAVINGS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SEASON SOCIAL FUNDS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SUBSISTENCE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TARGETING TEMPERATURE DATA TEMPERATURE INCREASE TEMPERATURE INCREASES TEMPERATURES TOTAL CONSUMPTION TROPICAL REGIONS UNCERTAINTIES VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE WARMING CLIMATE WEATHER CONDITIONS WEATHER EXTREMES WEATHER PATTERNS WMO |
| spellingShingle |
ABATEMENT POLICIES ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL INCOMES AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ALTITUDE ARID CLIMATES CALCULATION CAPS CARBON ENERGY CASH TRANSFERS CHANGES IN POVERTY CHILD MORTALITY CLIMATE CLIMATE ACTION CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGES CLIMATE CONDITIONS CLIMATE DAMAGE CLIMATE DAMAGES CLIMATE EQUILIBRIUM CLIMATE EXTREMES CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS CLIMATE PROJECTIONS CLIMATE VARIABILITY CLIMATE-CHANGE CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE-CHANGE SCENARIO CLIMATE-CHANGE SCENARIOS CLIMATE-RELATED RISKS CLIMATES CLIMATIC SHOCKS CLIMATIC VARIABILITY CLIMATIC VARIATION CLIMATOLOGISTS CO2 COLORS CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION IMPACTS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS COOLER TEMPERATURES COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE COUNTERFACTUAL CREDIT PROGRAMS DAMAGES DEGREE DAYS DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC WELFARE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ECOSYSTEM EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EMISSION EMISSION ABATEMENT EMISSION CONTROL EMISSIONS EMISSIONS CONTROL EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PATH EMISSIONS SCENARIOS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXTREME CLIMATE EVENTS EXTREME DRY EXTREME EVENTS EXTREME HEAT EXTREME HEAT EVENTS EXTREME POVERTY EXTREME PRECIPITATION EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS EXTREME WEATHER EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE FARMERS FINANCIAL SECTOR FLOODS FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMERS FOOD EXPENDITURES FOOD POLICY FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOSSIL FUEL FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL GHG GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURE GLOBAL POVERTY GLOBAL WARMING GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL ICE CAPS IMPACT OF CLIMATE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON POVERTY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS OF TEMPERATURE IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME RISK INCOME SHOCK INEQUALITY INSURANCE INSURANCE MARKETS INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE IPCC IRRIGATION JOBS LAND DISTRIBUTION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND VALUE LOW RAINFALL LOW-CARBON MARKET FAILURES METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION MONETARY FUND NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL POVERTY NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY SCENARIOS POOR POOR COUNTRIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR REGIONS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS POVERTY THRESHOLD PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES PRICE EFFECT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION PUBLIC WORKS RAIN RAINFALL RELATIVE PRICE RESOURCE ECONOMICS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK SHARING RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DISTRICTS RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL POOR RURAL POOR PEOPLE RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL WAGES SAVINGS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SEASON SOCIAL FUNDS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SUBSISTENCE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TARGETING TEMPERATURE DATA TEMPERATURE INCREASE TEMPERATURE INCREASES TEMPERATURES TOTAL CONSUMPTION TROPICAL REGIONS UNCERTAINTIES VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE WARMING CLIMATE WEATHER CONDITIONS WEATHER EXTREMES WEATHER PATTERNS WMO Skoufias, Emmanuel The Poverty and Welfare Impacts of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the Adaptation Strategies |
| relation |
Directions in Development ; Poverty |
| description |
The continued decline in global poverty
over the past 100 years particularly in the past three
decades is a remarkable achievement. In 1981, 52 percent of
the world population lived on less than $1.25 a day. By
2005, that rate had been cut in half, to 25.0 percent, and
by 2008 to 22.2 percent (World Bank 2012). Preliminary
estimates for 2010 indicate that the extreme poverty rate
has fallen further still; if follow-up studies confirm this,
the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving world
poverty will have been reached five years early (World Bank
2010). In recent years, poverty reduction has continued in
most countries, even after the financial, food, and fuel
shocks of 2008-09. Although poverty remains widespread in
South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, progress has been
substantial: extreme poverty fell in South Asia from 54
percent in 1990 to 36 percent in 2008 (World Bank 2012). In
Sub-Saharan Africa, where population growth exceeded the
rate of poverty reduction, the number of extremely poor
people increased from 290 million in 1990 to 356 million in
2008, yet over 2005-08, the region's poverty rate
nonetheless 'fell 4.8 percentage points to less than 50
percent the largest drop in Sub-Saharan Africa since
international poverty rates have been computed,'
according to the latest edition of the World Development
Indicators (WDI) (World Bank 2012). Although progress has
been slower at the $2-a-day poverty line, the WDI noted that
an increase in the absolute number of people living on
$1.25-$2.00 a day reflects both the upward movement from
extreme poverty and 'the vulnerabilities still faced by
a great many people in the world.' climate change is
likely to reduce agricultural productivity, especially in
the tropical regions, and to directly affect poor
people's livelihood assets including health, access to
water and other natural resources, homes, and infrastructure
(World Bank 2010). Moreover, increasing climatic variability
manifesting as more frequent and erratic weather extremes,
or 'weather shocks' will likely make poor
households even more vulnerable, which could in turn
exacerbate the incidence, severity, and persistence of
poverty in developing countries. This volume not only
surveys the research terrain concerning the effects of
climate change on poverty but also looks closely at
vulnerable rural populations (in a developing country,
Indonesia, and in the newly industrialized Mexico) where
weather shocks have measurable short term if not immediate
effects on the farming livelihoods many depend on for both
income and subsistence. The low-income farmers of rice in
Indonesia and of corn and other staple crops in Mexico are
at the human forefront of climate change. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Publication |
| author |
Skoufias, Emmanuel |
| author_facet |
Skoufias, Emmanuel |
| author_sort |
Skoufias, Emmanuel |
| title |
The Poverty and Welfare Impacts
of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the
Adaptation Strategies |
| title_short |
The Poverty and Welfare Impacts
of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the
Adaptation Strategies |
| title_full |
The Poverty and Welfare Impacts
of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the
Adaptation Strategies |
| title_fullStr |
The Poverty and Welfare Impacts
of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the
Adaptation Strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Poverty and Welfare Impacts
of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the
Adaptation Strategies |
| title_sort |
poverty and welfare impacts
of climate change quantifying the effects, identifying the
adaptation strategies |
| publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/16546569/poverty-welfare-impacts-climate-change-quantifying-effects-identifying-adaptation-strategies http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9384 |
| _version_ |
1764409341463494656 |
| spelling |
okr-10986-93842021-04-23T14:02:45Z The Poverty and Welfare Impacts of Climate Change Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the Adaptation Strategies Skoufias, Emmanuel ABATEMENT POLICIES ABSOLUTE POVERTY AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT AGRICULTURAL INCOMES AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AGRICULTURAL PRICES AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ALTITUDE ARID CLIMATES CALCULATION CAPS CARBON ENERGY CASH TRANSFERS CHANGES IN POVERTY CHILD MORTALITY CLIMATE CLIMATE ACTION CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGES CLIMATE CONDITIONS CLIMATE DAMAGE CLIMATE DAMAGES CLIMATE EQUILIBRIUM CLIMATE EXTREMES CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS CLIMATE PROJECTIONS CLIMATE VARIABILITY CLIMATE-CHANGE CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS CLIMATE-CHANGE SCENARIO CLIMATE-CHANGE SCENARIOS CLIMATE-RELATED RISKS CLIMATES CLIMATIC SHOCKS CLIMATIC VARIABILITY CLIMATIC VARIATION CLIMATOLOGISTS CO2 COLORS CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES CONSUMPTION IMPACTS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS COOLER TEMPERATURES COPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGE COUNTERFACTUAL CREDIT PROGRAMS DAMAGES DEGREE DAYS DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC WELFARE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ECOSYSTEM EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EMISSION EMISSION ABATEMENT EMISSION CONTROL EMISSIONS EMISSIONS CONTROL EMISSIONS MITIGATION EMISSIONS PATH EMISSIONS SCENARIOS EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ENERGY SOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXTREME CLIMATE EVENTS EXTREME DRY EXTREME EVENTS EXTREME HEAT EXTREME HEAT EVENTS EXTREME POVERTY EXTREME PRECIPITATION EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS EXTREME WEATHER EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE FARMERS FINANCIAL SECTOR FLOODS FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD CONSUMERS FOOD EXPENDITURES FOOD POLICY FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOSSIL FUEL FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL GHG GLOBAL MEAN TEMPERATURE GLOBAL POVERTY GLOBAL WARMING GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSE GAS GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL ICE CAPS IMPACT OF CLIMATE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON POVERTY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS OF TEMPERATURE IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME INEQUALITY INCOME RISK INCOME SHOCK INEQUALITY INSURANCE INSURANCE MARKETS INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE IPCC IRRIGATION JOBS LAND DISTRIBUTION LAND PRODUCTIVITY LAND REFORM LAND VALUE LOW RAINFALL LOW-CARBON MARKET FAILURES METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION MONETARY FUND NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL POVERTY NEGATIVE IMPACT NUTRITION PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA INCOME POLICY ANALYSIS POLICY IMPLICATIONS POLICY MAKERS POLICY SCENARIOS POOR POOR COUNTRIES POOR HOUSEHOLDS POOR LIVING POOR REGIONS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY ANALYSIS POVERTY ESTIMATES POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE POVERTY IMPACT POVERTY LINE POVERTY LINES POVERTY MEASURES POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS POVERTY THRESHOLD PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES PRICE EFFECT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION PUBLIC WORKS RAIN RAINFALL RELATIVE PRICE RESOURCE ECONOMICS RISK MANAGEMENT RISK SHARING RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DISTRICTS RURAL HOUSEHOLD RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL LABOR RURAL POOR RURAL POOR PEOPLE RURAL POPULATION RURAL POPULATIONS RURAL POVERTY RURAL POVERTY RATE RURAL WAGES SAVINGS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE SEASON SOCIAL FUNDS SOCIAL SAFETY NETS SUBSISTENCE SURFACE TEMPERATURE TARGETING TEMPERATURE DATA TEMPERATURE INCREASE TEMPERATURE INCREASES TEMPERATURES TOTAL CONSUMPTION TROPICAL REGIONS UNCERTAINTIES VARIABILITY OF CLIMATE WARMING CLIMATE WEATHER CONDITIONS WEATHER EXTREMES WEATHER PATTERNS WMO The continued decline in global poverty over the past 100 years particularly in the past three decades is a remarkable achievement. In 1981, 52 percent of the world population lived on less than $1.25 a day. By 2005, that rate had been cut in half, to 25.0 percent, and by 2008 to 22.2 percent (World Bank 2012). Preliminary estimates for 2010 indicate that the extreme poverty rate has fallen further still; if follow-up studies confirm this, the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving world poverty will have been reached five years early (World Bank 2010). In recent years, poverty reduction has continued in most countries, even after the financial, food, and fuel shocks of 2008-09. Although poverty remains widespread in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, progress has been substantial: extreme poverty fell in South Asia from 54 percent in 1990 to 36 percent in 2008 (World Bank 2012). In Sub-Saharan Africa, where population growth exceeded the rate of poverty reduction, the number of extremely poor people increased from 290 million in 1990 to 356 million in 2008, yet over 2005-08, the region's poverty rate nonetheless 'fell 4.8 percentage points to less than 50 percent the largest drop in Sub-Saharan Africa since international poverty rates have been computed,' according to the latest edition of the World Development Indicators (WDI) (World Bank 2012). Although progress has been slower at the $2-a-day poverty line, the WDI noted that an increase in the absolute number of people living on $1.25-$2.00 a day reflects both the upward movement from extreme poverty and 'the vulnerabilities still faced by a great many people in the world.' climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, especially in the tropical regions, and to directly affect poor people's livelihood assets including health, access to water and other natural resources, homes, and infrastructure (World Bank 2010). Moreover, increasing climatic variability manifesting as more frequent and erratic weather extremes, or 'weather shocks' will likely make poor households even more vulnerable, which could in turn exacerbate the incidence, severity, and persistence of poverty in developing countries. This volume not only surveys the research terrain concerning the effects of climate change on poverty but also looks closely at vulnerable rural populations (in a developing country, Indonesia, and in the newly industrialized Mexico) where weather shocks have measurable short term if not immediate effects on the farming livelihoods many depend on for both income and subsistence. The low-income farmers of rice in Indonesia and of corn and other staple crops in Mexico are at the human forefront of climate change. 2012-07-31T15:07:49Z 2012-07-31T15:07:49Z 2012-07-20 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/16546569/poverty-welfare-impacts-climate-change-quantifying-effects-identifying-adaptation-strategies 978-0-8213-9611-7 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/9384 English Directions in Development ; Poverty CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication |